Pharmacotherapy of Rabies in Dog and Cat

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 11: Pharmacotherapy of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Learning

Tasks

By

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Rabies in Dog and Cat

List signs and symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Describe pharmacological treatment of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Describe Control and Prevention of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Rabies in Dog? ?

Definition of Rabies in Dogs and Cats

Rabies is an acute viral encephalomyelitis caused by

Rhabdoviridae

that principally affects carnivores and insectivorous bats, although it can affect any mammal

It is almost invariably fatal once clinical signs appear

Rabies occurs throughout the world

Transmission is almost always by introduction of virus-laden saliva i

nto

the tissues, usually by the bite of a rabid

animal

Contact with fresh wound or even intact mucous membrane may also transmit the disease. Virus may be present in the saliva and transmitted by an infected animal several days before onset of clinical signs (usually 3-5 days in domestic dogs and cats)

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Clinical

signs of rabies are rarely definitive

The most reliable signs are behavioral changes and unexplained paralysis

Behavioral changes may include anorexia, signs of apprehension or nervousness, irritability, and

hyperexcitability

The animal may seek solitude, ataxia, altered phonation, and changes in temperament are apparent

A normally docile animal may suddenly become vicious and the vice

versa

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Cont

….

Clinical phases

Prodromal Form

Lasts 1-3 days; animals show only vague CNS signs, which intensify rapidly

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Cont

….

Furious Form

This is the classical “

mad-dog syndrome

,” the animal becomes irrational and, with the slightest provocation, may viciously and aggressively use its teeth, claws, the posture and expression is one of alertness and anxiety, with pupils dilated

Noise invites attack

Such animals lose all caution and fear of natural enemies.

Carnivores with this form of rabies frequently roam extensively, attacking other animals and people

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Cont

….

Rabid dogs chew the wire and frame of their cages, breaking their teeth, and will follow a hand moved in front of the cage, attempting to bite

Puppies usually become vicious in a few hours

Rabid domestic cats and bobcats attack suddenly, biting and scratching viciously

As the disease progresses, muscular incoordination and seizures are common

Signs and Symptoms of Rabies in Dog and Cat

Cont

….

Paralytic Form

Paralysis of the throat and masseter muscles, often with profuse salivation and inability to swallow

Dropping of the lower jaw is common in dogs

These animals are not vicious and rarely attempt to bite

The paralysis progresses rapidly to all parts of the body, and coma and death follow in a few hour

Activity:

Brainstorming

How is rabies prevented in

dogs ?

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and

Gats

Pharmacological

Treatment

There is no treatment for

rabies

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in

Dogs

and

Gats

Cont

…

Comprehensive

guidelines for control in dogs have been prepared by the World Health Organization and include the following

Notification of suspected cases, and destruction of dogs with clinical signs other and dogs bitten by a suspected rabid animal

Reduction of contact rates between susceptible dogs by leash laws, dog movement control, and quarantine

Pharmacological Treatment and Prevention of Rabies in Dogs and Gats

Cont

…

…

Mass immunization of dogs by campaigns and by continuing vaccination of young dogs

Stray dog control and destruction of unvaccinated dogs with low levels of dependency on, or restriction by man

Dog registration

Vaccination of dogs and cats with modified live virus and inactivated types

If an exposed animal is currently vaccinated, it should be revaccinated immediately and closely observed for 45 days

Key

Points

Rabies is a virus that may affect the brain and spinal cord of all mammals, including dogs, cats and humans

Initially

, a dog that’s become infected may show extreme

behavioral

changes such as restlessness or apprehension, both of which may be compounded by aggression

There is no treatment or cure for rabies once symptoms appear

Since rabies presents a serious public health threat, dogs that are suspected of having the virus are most often euthanized

Vaccination against

Rabbies

is available

Evaluation

What

is

Rabbies

?

What are the common signs and symptoms of

Rabbies

?

What is the pharmacological treatment of

Rabbies

?

What are the control measures against

Rabbies

?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

(9

th

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

(1

st

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

nd

ed

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

(2

nd

ed

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

ed

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

ed

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

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