NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04104

Semisolid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms • Source Session/Topic 3

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Session 3: Semisolid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 1 hour Assignment

Prerequisites

• Session 1 : Introduction to pharmaceutical dosage forms

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to

• Define Semisolid Dosage Form

• List the Ideal Properties of Semisolid Dosage Forms

• Explain the Types and Uses of Semisolid Dosage Forms

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers

• Overhead projector (OHP)

• Computer

SESSION OVERVIEW

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Definition of Semisolid Dosage Form (10 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|What is a semisolid dosage form? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

• A semisolid dosage form is a product of semisolid consistency applied to

skin or mucous membranes for therapeutic or protective action or cosmetic

function

• Semisolid dosage forms are intended for local drug delivery for treatment

of conditions such as rashes, skin irritation, stings, infections

(fungal, viral or bacterial) and infestations

STEP 3: Ideal Properties of Semisolid Dosage Forms (20 minutes)

|Activity: Buzzing (05 minutes) |

| |

|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 5 |

|minutes |

| |

|What are the ideal properties of semisolid dosage forms? |

| |

|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |

|mentioned |

| |

|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |

• The ideal properties of semisolid dosage forms are divided into physical

and physiological

o Physical properties:

▪ Smooth texture

▪ Elegant (neat) in appearance

▪ Non dehydrating

▪ Non gritty (no small pieces of sand or dust)

▪ Non greasy and non-staining

▪ Non hygroscopic

o Physiological properties:

▪ Non-irritating

▪ Do not alter membrane / skin functioning

▪ Miscible with skin secretion

▪ Have low sensitization effect

• Generally semisolid dosage forms are easily applicable with efficient

drug release and high aqueous wash ability

STEP 4: Types and Uses of Semisolid Dosage Forms (65 minutes)

|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) |

| |

|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |

| |

|ASK students to discuss on the following question |

|What are the types of semisolid dosage forms? |

| |

|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |

| |

|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |

• The followings are the types of semisolid dosage forms with their

corresponding uses

o Ointments

▪ Are soft hydrocarbon based semisolid preparations, composed of

fluid hydrocarbon meshed in a matrix of higher melting solid

hydrocarbon, example petrolatum

▪ Ointments are of greasy nature thus they stain clothes, are

generally poor solvent for most drugs and usually decrease the drug

delivery capabilities of the system

▪ The main rule of the local therapy is that if the skin is dry,

use an ointment

o Creams

▪ Are viscous semisolid emulsion system with opaque appearance

compared with the translucent ointments

▪ Consistency and rheological characters depend on whether the

cream is water in oil (w/o) or oil in water (o/w)

▪ Properly designed water in oil creams are elegant drug

delivery system, pleasing in both appearance and feel after

application

▪ Oil in water creams are non-greasy and easy to rinse

▪ Creams are good for most topical purposes especially wet

skin

o Pastes

▪ Pastes are basically ointments into which a high percentage of

insoluble solid has been added

▪ The extraordinary amount of particulate matter stiffens the

system

▪ Pastes are less penetrating than ointments

▪ Pastes make particularly good protective barrier when placed

on the skin. In addition to forming an unbroken film, the solid

they contain can absorb and thereby neutralize certain noxious

chemicals before they ever reach the skin

▪ Like ointments, pastes form an unbroken relatively water

impermeable film

▪ Unlike ointments, the film is opaque and therefore, an

effective sun block consequently

o Gels (Jellies)

▪ Gels are semisolid coherent systems in which a liquid phase is

constrained within a polymeric matrix (consisting of natural or

synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or chemical

crosslinking

▪ Gels are transparent or translucent non-greasy semisolid gels

▪ Some gels are as transparent as water itself, have an

aesthetically pleasing state while others are turbid because the

polymer is present in colloidal aggregates that disperse light

▪ Gels are used for medication or lubrication

o Poultices

▪ Are soft, viscous, pasty preparations for external use

▪ Poultice must retain heat for a considerable time because they

are intended to supply warmth to inflamed parts of body

▪ Poultices act by increasing blood flow, relaxing tense

muscles, soothing inflamed tissues or drawing toxins from an

infected area

▪ Are used to relieve the pain and inflammation associated with

abscesses (e.g. Kaolin poultice B.P.C.)

o Foams

▪ Foams are systems in which air or some other gas is emulsified

in liquid phase to the point of stiffening. Example include

shaving creams, whipped creams and aerosolized shaving creams

▪ Conventional topical vehicles such as ointments, creams or

gels predominantly exert their effect by releasing the drug onto

the skin surface. The drug molecules then diffuse through the

skin layers

▪ The extent and duration of diffusion depends on the

physicochemical properties of the drug, the type of base and

skin condition(s)

STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)

• Semisolid dosage forms are products of semisolid consistency applied to

the skin or mucous membranes for therapeutic or protective actions or

cosmetic function

• The ideal properties of semisolid dosage forms are divided in to physical

and physiological

• Semisolid dosage forms are easily applicable with efficient drug release

and high aqueous washability

• The main types of semisolid dosage forms are ointments, creams, pastes,

poultices, gels and foams

STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes)

• What are the ideal properties of semisolid dosage forms?

• What are the different types of semisolid dosage forms?

• What is the difference between cream and ointment?

STEP 7: Assignment (10 minutes)

|Activity: Take home Assignment (10 minutes) |

| |

|DIVIDE students in groups or individual. |

| |

|ASK the students to work on the following assignment |

| |

|Explain the advantages and disadvantages of various semisolid dosage |

|forms |

| |

|ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignment and submit |

| |

|REFER students to recommended references |

References

Aulton, M.E.,Taylor, M.K. (2001). Pharmaceutics: The Science of dosage form

design

(2nd ed.). USA: Churchill Livingstone

Cooper, J.W., Gunns, C., & Carter, S.J. (2008). Dispensing for

Pharmaceutical Students

(12th end). Delhi, India: CBS Publishers and Distributors.

Rawlins, E.A. (2001).Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics (8th ed.). London,

UK:

Bailliere Tindall.

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