Solid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Session 2: Solid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 1 Hour assignment
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 | |Presentation |Definition and Types of Major Solid |
| |20 minutes |Brainstorming |Dosage Forms |
|3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Mode of Administration for Major |
| | |Buzzing |Types of Solid Dosage Forms |
|4 | |Presentation |Characteristics of Tablet and |
| |10 minutes | |Capsule Dosage Forms |
|5 | |Presentation |Advantages of Tablet and Capsule |
| |35 minutes|Small Group |Dosage Forms |
| | |Discussion | |
|6 | |Presentation |Disadvantages of Tablet and Capsule |
| |20 minutes |Buzzing |Dosage Forms |
|7 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
|8 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
|9 |10 minutes |Presentation |Assignment |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Definition and Types of Major Solid Dosage Forms (20 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
|ASK students to brainstorm on the following question |
|What is a solid dosage form? |
|What are the major types of solid dosage forms? |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart or board |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE their response using the content below |
Definition of Solid Dosage Forms
very little water
Major types of solid dosage forms:
i.e.tablets and capsules
o Tablet
contain medicament (s)
(drugs and excipients)
o Capsules
containers “shells” (commonly but not exclusively of gelatin) of
various shapes and capacities, usually containing a single dose of
active ingredient
o Hard gelatine capsules
is in a powder or granular form
o Soft gelatin capsules
o Lozenges
usually in a flavoured, sweetened base
o Powder
and/or chemicals that may be intended for internal or external use
o Pill
medicinal agent. It is taken by mouth
STEP 3: Mode of Administration for Major Types of Solid Dosage Forms (10
minutes)
|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |
| |
|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 |
|minutes |
| |
|What is/are the mode(s) of administration for tablet and capsule dosage|
|forms? |
| |
|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |
|mentioned |
| |
|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |
o Swallowed whole (intact) with a sufficient quantity of potable water
o Chewed and swallowed for quick absorption and action
o Sublingual tablets are placed under the tongue
o Dispersible tablets are dissolved in water and the solution is
drunk/swallowed
STEP 4: Characteristics of Tablet and Capsule Dosage Forms (10 minutes)
o Must have correct dose
o Must be elegant and free of defects like chips, cracks,
discoloration, and contamination
o Should be uniform in size, weight and appearance
o Must be biocompatible i.e. no excipients or micro-organisms which can
cause harm to the patient
o The tablet must be able to release the medicinal agents in a
predictable and reproducible manner
o Must be chemically, physically and microbiologically stable during
its lifetime
o Must be able to withstand mechanical shock during production,
packaging, shipping and dispensing during all its life time
o Must be packed in a safe manner
STEP 5: Advantages of Tablet and Capsule Dosage Forms (35 minutes)
| |
|Activity: Small Group Discussion (15 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |
| |
|ASK students to discuss on the following questions |
|What are the advantages of tablet dosage forms |
|What are the advantages of capsule dosage forms |
| |
|ALLOW students to do the assignment for 10 minutes |
| |
|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |
o The safety and convenient administration by the oral route
o Superior physical, chemical and microbial stability over all oral
dosage forms
o Provide a means for accurate dosing
o Portable (lighter) and easy to handle
o Cheap for large scale production
o Easy to control quality
o Cost is lowest of all oral dosage form
o Objectionable odour and bitter taste can be masked by coating
o Product identification is easy and rapid e.g. they may be stamped
o Sustained release product is possible by enteric coating
o Conveniently carried/portable
o Readily identified
o Easily taken/easy to administer (easy of swallowing)
o Offer prescribing flexibility
o Efficiently and productively manufactured
o Mask unpleasant drug taste/odour
o Packaged and shipped at lower cost and with less breakage
o More stable and have a longer shelf-life
o Empty hard gelatine capsules are often used in extemporaneous
compounding of prescriptions
o Easy to Manufacture
o Liquids can be encapsulated (non-water soluble)
o Small to large sizes possible
o Elegance
o Ready availability of drug hence faster action
STEP 6: Disadvantages of Tablet and Capsule Dosage Forms (20 minutes)
|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |
| |
|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following questions for 2 |
|minutes |
| |
|What are the disadvantages of tablet dosage forms? |
|What are the advantages of capsule dosage forms? |
| |
|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |
|mentioned |
| |
|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |
o Potential bioavailability problems for drugs that are poorly soluble
in water
o Potential bioavailability problems for drugs which undergo
degradation in low pH
o Some drugs (e.g. aspirin) may cause harm to the gastrointestinal
tract
o Difficult to swallow in case of children and unconscious patients
o Some drugs resist compression into dense compacts due to amorphous
nature or low density character
o Bitter tasting drugs, drugs with unpleasant odour or sensitive to
oxygen may require encapsulation or coating
o Difficult to incorporate water soluble material
o They are highly moisture sensitive
o Efflorescent material cannot be incorporated, they may cause
softening/leaching
o Deliquescent materials cannot be incorporated, they may cause
hardening or brittle capsules
STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)
very little water
dissolution in the mouth or placing under the tongue
quantities of water
STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes)
STEP 9: Assignment (10 minutes)
|Activity: Take home Assignment (5 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students in groups or individual |
| |
|ASK the students to work on the following assignment |
| |
|What are the major differences between tablets and capsules? |
|Give examples of drugs which are formulated as tablets and capsules |
| |
|ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignment and submit |
| |
|REFER students to recommended references |
References
Aulton, M.E.,Taylor, M.K. (2001). Pharmaceutics: The Science of dosage form
design
(2nd ed.). USA: Churchill Livingstone
.
Cooper, J.W., Gunns, C., & Carter, S.J. (2008). Dispensing for
Pharmaceutical Students
(12th end). Delhi, India: CBS Publishers and Distributors.
Rawlins, E.A. (2001).Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics (8th ed.). London,
UK: Bailliere Tindall.
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