Structure and Functions of the Female Reproductive System
Session 28: Structure and Functions of the Female Reproductive System
Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 60 minutes assignment
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |15 minutes |Presentation |Definition and Components to Female|
| | |Brainstorming |Reproductive System |
|3 | |Presentation |Structures and Functions of the |
| |45 minutes |Small Group |Female Reproductive System |
| | |Discussion | |
|4 |35 minutes |Presentation |Oogenesis |
| | |Buzzing | |
|5 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
| 6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
|7 |10 minutes |presentation |Take home assignment |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Components of the Female Reproductive System(15 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following questions: |
| |
|What is female reproductive system? |
|What is fertilization? |
|What are the components of the female reproductive system? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
The female reproductive system:
reproduction.
maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry
a foetus to full term
Fertilization
/unionofmaleandfemalegametes,duringsexualreproduction,toformazygote
o Paired ovaries
o Fallopian tubes
o Single uterus
o Vagina
o External genital structures
fallopian tubes to the uterus.
STEP 3: Structures and Functions of the Female Reproductive System
(45 minutes)
|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |
| |
|ASK students to discuss on the following question |
|What are the structures and functions of the female reproductive |
|system? |
| |
|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |
| |
|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |
o The ovaries are a pair of oval structures on either side of the uterus
in the pelvic cavity
o Within an ovary are several hundred thousand primary follicles, which
are present at birth.
o Each primary ovarian follicle contains an oocyte, a potential ovum or
egg cell. Surrounding the oocyte are the follicle cells, which secrete
estrogen.
o Graafian follicle (matured follicle) and luteinizing hormone cause
ovulation
o Ruptured follicle become corpus luteum and begins to secrete
progesterone and oestrogen
o There are two fallopian tubes(oviducts)
o The lateral end of a fallopian tube encloses an ovary, and the medial
end opens into the uterus.
o The smooth muscles along it propels the ovum towards the uterus
o The ovum is fertilized in the fallopian tube and swept to the uterus
o The uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear, superior to the
urinary bladder and between the two ovaries in the pelvic cavity
o During pregnancy the uterus increases greatly in size, contains the
placenta to nourish the embryo-foetus, and expels the baby at the
end of gestation.
o It is divided in to fundus (upper part), body (central part) and
cervix (lower part)
o The myometrium is the smooth muscle layer during pregnancy these
cells increase in size to accommodate the growing foetus and
contract for labor and delivery at the end of pregnancy.
o The lining of the uterus is the endometrium, forms the maternal
portion of the placenta during pregnancy
o The vagina is a muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the
vaginal orifice
o The vaginal opening is usually partially covered by a thin
membrane called the hymen which ruptures after sexual intercourse
o The functions of the vagina are to receive sperm from the penis
during sexual intercourse, to provide the exit for menstrual blood
flow, and to become the birth canal at the end of pregnancy.
[pic]
Source: Scanlon,V.C. & Sandors,T (2007).
The external female genitalia includes:
o Clitoris
urethral orifice. The only function of the clitoris is
sensory. It responds to sexual stimulation.
o Labia majora and minora
vagina openings and prevent drying of their mucous membranes
o Bartholin’s glands
sexual intercourse
[pic]4IN
Source:Scanlon,V.C. & Sandors,T (2007). Figure 28:2. Female external
genitals
VITROFERTILIZATION
STEP 4: Oogenesis (35 minutes)
|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 25 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |
| |
|ASK students to discuss on the following question |
| |
|How an egg cell is produced? |
| |
|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |
| |
|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |
o It is the process of meiosis for egg cell formation; it begins in
the ovaries and is also regulated by hormones.
o Follicle stimulating hormone initiates the growth of ovarian
follicles, each of which contains an oogonium, a stem cell for egg
cell production
o This hormone also stimulates the follicle cells to secrete
estrogen, which promotes the maturation of the ovum.
o For each primary oocyte that undergoes meiosis, only one functional
egg cell is produced.
o The other three cells produced are called polar bodies. They have
no function, and will simply deteriorate.
o A mature ovarian follicle actually contains the secondary oocyte;
the second meiotic division will take place if and when the egg is
fertilized.
o The production of ova begins at puberty (10 to 14years of age) and
continues until menopause (45 to 55years of age), when the ovaries
atrophy and no longer respond to pituitary hormones.
[pic]
Source:Scanlon,V.C. & Sandors,T (200)
Figure 28:4. Oogenesis.
[pic][pic]Refer students to Handout 28.1: Menstrual cycle for further
reading
STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)
fallopian tubes, the single uterus and vagina, and the external genital
structures
glands for milk production.
STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes)
Step 7: Assignment (10 minutes)
|Activity: Take Home Assignment (10 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE learners in groups or individual. |
| |
|ASK the learners to work on the following assignment |
| |
|Describe oogenesis |
| |
|ALLOCATE time for learners to do the assignment and submit |
| |
|REFER learners to recommended references |
References
Kumar, A. et al (2004). Robbins Basic Pathology. WB: Saunders.
Spector, T.D. & Axford, J. S. (1999). Introduction to General
Pathology. Edinburgh:
Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D.& Tate, P. (2003). Anatomy and Physiology.
New York:
McGraw-Hill
Shier, A., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2004). Hole’s Human Anatomy &
Physiology. New York:
McGraw-Hill
Standring, S. (2008). Grays’s Anatomy The anatomical basis of clinical
practice. United
Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier.
Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (1999). Anatomy & Physiology. Saint
Louis: Mosby,
Von Hoffman Press, Inc.
Tortora, G.J & Derrickson, B (2009). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
12th Edition,
USA, John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA
Walter, J.B, & Talbot, I. C. (1996). General Pathology. New York: Churchill
Livingstone
Waugh, A. & Grant, A. (2006). Ross and Willson Anatomy and physiology in
Health and
illness. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier
|[pic] |Handout 28.1: Menstrual cycle |
ovaries and anterior pituitary gland and the resultant changes in the
ovaries (ovarian cycle) and uterus (uterine cycle).
gland, estrogen from the ovarian follicle and progesterone from corpus
luteum
o Menstrual phase
called menstruation or the menses.
a useful starting point.
ovarian follicles begin to develop
o Follicular phase
of estrogen by the follicle cells.
ovum, and estrogen stimulates the growth of blood vessels in
the endometrium to regenerate the functional layer.
LH causes rupture of a mature ovarian follicle.
o Luteal phase
the corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesterone as well
as estrogen.
the functional layer of the endometrium and promotes the
storage of nutrients such as glycogen.
decreases, and if the ovum is not fertilized, the secretion
of progesterone also begins to decrease.
and begins to slough off in menstruation.
progesterone decrease), and the cycle begins again.
inhibin and relaxin.
o Inhibits the secretion of FSH, and perhaps LH as well, from the
anterior pituitary gland.
o Relaxin is believed to inhibit contractions of the myometrium (as
does progesterone), which would help make implantation of the early
embryo successful.
[pic]
Source: Tortora,G.J. & Derrickson,B(2009).
Figure 28:5 Hormonal changes in menstrual cycle
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