Mode of Transmission: Direct and indirect contact with naturally

Mode of Transmission: Direct and indirect contact with naturally infected animals, carriers, implements and other infected materials Blister fluid, saliva and other bodily discharges highly infective. Symptoms: Fever vesicles, erosion in between hooves, coronary band (junction between skin and hoot), teats and udders, oral mucosa and tongue

Raw ulceration follows, rupture of vesicles, stingy or foamy salivation, smocking of the lips, difficulty in feed ingestion; staggering gait and lameness. Abortion in pregnant animals. Prevention: Immediate notification of the authorities Designation of quarantine areas and restricted movement of animals; disinfecting areas with viruscidal agents (commercial disinfectant or lye caustic soda)

Animal should be kept on dry ground and lesions treated with mild antiseptic (5% formalin), Mass immunization and effective restriction in movement of animals and carriers is necessary Speaker notes: Hoof and mouth disease – an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease.

6. Brucellosis

6. Brucellosis Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated feed and water. Aborted fetus, fatal membrane, placenta, urine and uterine discharge are main sources of infection Infected males may transfer disease through natural/artificial breeding Symptoms: Infertility, abortion ,retained placenta, persistent vaginal discharge. In males, swollen and painful testicles with subsequent infertility/sterility

Prevention: Blood tests and removal of infected animals vaccination may be tried Antibiotic medication is found to be impractical

7. Hemorrhagic Septicemia

7. Hemorrhagic Septicemia Mode of Transmission: Ingestion or inhalation of infective agent. Maybe normally present in the nasopharyngeal area but predisposition causes flare-up of infection Symptoms: High fever, loss of appetite Respiratory distress, salivation, nasal discharges, swelling of the throat and brisket congestion of mucous membrane, diarrhea becoming bloody later. Prevention: Prophylactic vaccination

Removal of predisposition when possible Early treatment with parenteral antibiotics and sulfa drugs Speaker notes: Nasopharyngeal – is the uppermost part of the pharynx. It extends from the base of the skull to the upper surface of the soft palate Prophylactic – tending to ward off disease; pertaining to prophylaxis. A prophylaxis is a measure taken to maintain health and prevent the spread of disease.

Mode of Transmission: Direct ingestion of infected material,

Mode of Transmission: Direct ingestion of infected material, biting flies. Indirect, through contact with materials and carriers Symptoms: Sudden onset of fever, depression and loss of Swelling of chest, head, belly and legs, bloody diarrhea Death common in early stages Colic, abortion in pregnant animals, blood stained discharges, convulsions

Prevention: Dead animals should be cremated or buried deeply under a layer of lime Antibiotic treatment is only effective in early and less acute cases

Mode of Transmission: -Infection initiated by trauma of the body

Mode of Transmission: -Infection initiated by trauma of the body and oral mucosa. Cases in larger ruminants maybe source of infection in the area Symptoms: -Sudden deaths in acute cases Less acute: depression, fever, rapid respiration and suspended ruminatism Typically, not painful swelling in thigh and leg muscles. Crackling sensation of palpation of swelling due to gas in tissues Lameness in affected limb

Prevention: Vaccination Cremation of carcasses Early isolation and treatment with massive doses of antibiotics

wounds, dehorning complications. Not contagious to

Mode of Transmission: Direct infection due to introduction of organism in wounds. Castration, old ulcerating wounds, dehorning complications. Not contagious to other animals Symptoms: Early stages characterized by rigidity and stiffness of Late stages: with tetanic convulsions, prolapse of third eyelid, stiff tail, head and neck thrown back; hyper excitability .Bloat and other nervous signs.

Prevention: Treat wound with oxidizing antiseptic (hydrogen peroxide ) until completely healed; use clean instrument in castration and dehorning

11. Parasitic Gastroenteritis

11. Parasitic Gastroenteritis Mode of transmission: Commonly through direct infection with parasitic larval stages through herbage, less common through skin penetration and intrauterine infection in some species Symptoms: Poor body condition, anemia, diarrhea, potbelly and Prevention: Regular deforming with effective anthelmintics (tetramisole, parbendazole, thiabendazole, pyrantel,etc.)

Pasture rotation and improve feeding practices

12. Parasitic Pneumonia

12. Parasitic Pneumonia Mode of Transmission: Infection with the parasite in the larval stage through herbage Symptoms: As in parasitic gastroenteritis for general signs Specific symptoms includes persistent husky, coughing, respiratory distress Prevention: Regular deworming with tetramisole, albendazole or oxfendazole General prevention as parasitic gastroenteritis

13. Tapeworm Infection

13. Tapeworm Infection Mode of Transmission: Through ingestion of plant mites that are intermediate host Symptoms: Same as other internal parasitism, passage of tapeworm segment in the feces Prevention: Regular deworming (albendazole, niclosanide, lead arsenate, and oxfendazole )

14. Liverfluke Disease

14. Liverfluke Disease Etiology: Four Species of trematodes: a. Fasciola hepatica b. Fasciola gigantica c. Facioloides magna d. Dicrocoelium dendriticum Clinical Signs: Post Mortem Lesions a. Affected animals isolate from the flock b. Decline the feeds c. Distended abdomen is painful upon manipulation d. Lose weight and become unthrifty, anaemic and edematous in the lips and intermandibular tissues e. Ascites may form

f. The wool looses its flexibility and tensile strength Clinical Forms: Acute Form – traumatic invasion of liver parenchyma by immature flukes Chronic Form – billiary fibrosis resulting from prolonged residence of adult flukes