To study the effect of an educational intervention related to urinary in continence on the subsequent hel

To study the effect of an educational intervention related to urinary in continence on the subsequent help-seeking behaviour of older adults.

2. PRE-TEST-POST-TEST-ONLY DESIGN: –

2. PRE-TEST-POST-TEST-ONLY DESIGN: Random assignment Experimental group Control group Post-test Treatment

To assess the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy interventions in reduction of stress among p

To assess the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy interventions in reduction of stress among patients with breast cancer.

3. SOLOMON FOUR-GROUP DESIGN: –

3. SOLOMON FOUR-GROUP DESIGN: Random assignment Experimental group 1 Control group 1 Post-test Treatment Experimental group 2 Control group 2 Treatment Post-test

4. FACTORIAL DESIGN: –

4. FACTORIAL DESIGN: It is also called 2×2 or 2×3 factorial . E.g. in this design, a researcher wants to observe the effects of two different protocols of mouth care on prevention of VAP when performed at different frequencies in a day

Frequency of | Protocols of | Mouth care

Frequency of | Protocols of | Mouth care Mouth care | Chlorhexidine I | Saline II 4 HOURLY (A) | A I | A II 6 HOURLY (B) | B I | B II 8 HOURLY (C) | C I | C II

5. RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN: –

5. RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN: E.g. A researcher wants to examine the effects of 3 different anti-hypertensive drugs on patients with hypertension . In this example, to ensure the homogeneity among the subjects under treatment.

Types of anti hypertensive drugs | | BLOCKS |

Types of anti hypertensive drugs | | BLOCKS | A | A, I | A, II | A, III B | B, I | B, II | B, III C | C. I | C, II | C, III Pts with primary HTN I | Diabetic pts with HTN II | Renal pts with HTN III

6. CROSS OVER DESIGN: –

6. CROSS OVER DESIGN: It is also known as repeat measures design. E.g. effectiveness of the chlorhexidine and saline mouth care protocol, first administer the chlorhexidine mouth care protocol on group I and saline mouth care protocol on group II, later the treatment is swapped, where group I receives the saline mouth care and group II receives chlorhexidine.

Groups | Protocols of | the mouth care

Groups | Protocols of | the mouth care Groups I | Chlorhexidine | Saline Groups II | Saline | Chlorhexidine

Quasi–Experimental Research Design (Non-Randomized Control Trials)

Quasi–Experimental Research Design (Non-Randomized Control Trials) It is also known as Non-Randomized Control Trails. It involves the manipulation of independent variable to observe the effect on dependent variable, but it lacks one element either randomization or control.

Quasi – experimental designs are generally used in situations where researchers are not able to randomly assign the subjects or control group is not available.

Types of Q.E.R.D.

Types of Q.E.R.D. 1. NON-RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN: It is also known as the Non-equivalent control group pre-test-post-test design. In this design, experimental or control group are selected without randomization.

A quasi-experimental study was planned to assess the effect of older people’s involvement in social servi

A quasi-experimental study was planned to assess the effect of older people’s involvement in social services on their loneliness among elderly residing in selected old age homes in New Delhi.

2. TIME SERIES DESIGN: –

2. TIME SERIES DESIGN: When the investigator wants to measure the effects of a treatment over a long period of time . Experimental group Treatment

A researcher may evaluate pain levels of a group of patients having lower back pain. After assessing for

A researcher may evaluate pain levels of a group of patients having lower back pain. After assessing for pain as long as 3 weeks, participants are educated about special exercise to manage the pain.