Morphology of the Fruit
Session 9: Morphology of the Fruit
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |25 minutes |Presentation |Introduction to Fruits |
| | |Buzzing | |
|3 |30 minutes |Brainstorming |Structure of the Fruits |
| | |Presentation | |
|4 |50 minutes |Presentation |Classification of Fruits |
|5 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
|6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.
STEP 2: Introduction to Fruits (25 minutes)
|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What is a fruit? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond? |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
accessory parts develop into the fruit
parthenocapy
peduncle and inflorescence axis may be incorporated and become part of
the fruit for instance in apples and pineapple
STEP 3: Structure of the Fruit (30 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What are the parts of the fruit? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond? |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |
systems
pericarp;
o Exocarp
o Mesocarp
o Endocarp
STEP 4: Classification of Fruits (45 minutes)
called true fruits e.g. tomatoes while those including accessory
structures are false fruits e.g. pears.
flowers and other structures forming the fruit, into;
o Simple fruits
o Aggregate fruits
o Multiple fruits
structures
dry fruits
o Fleshy/Succulent fruits may be soft or hard
o Berries
o Hesperidiums
o Pepos
o Drupes/stones
stone-like endocarp
o Pome
e.g. petals, sepals and receptacle
o Polydrupes
strawberries, blackberries etc.
o Dry fruits may be dehiscent or indehiscent depending on whether
they split open to release the seeds or not. They include;
o A winged fruit
o A hard dry fruit with one seed which almost feels the
pericarp but attached loosely
o Simple dry fruit similar to achenes, but formed from two
or three carpels. Pericarp is relatively hard and heavy
o It is a simple, dry fruit in which the testa and
pericarp are fused
o Are dry fruits which split along both dorsal and ventral
sutures to release their seeds e.g. Cassia angustifolia
o Dry fruits which splits along inner suture only e.g.
strophanthus
o Dry fruits formed from two or more carpels
of the fruit
STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)
one or more seeds
called true fruits
which collectively form the pericarp
and other structures forming the fruit
fruits and dry fruits
STEP 8: Evaluation (5 minutes)
References
Trease, G. E., Evans, W. C., & Evans, D. (2009). Trease and Evans
pharmacognosy. London: Saunders.
Joanne Barnes et al (2002), Herbal medicines 3rd Edition: Pharmaceutical
Press
Wallis, T. E. (2005). Textbook of pharmacognosy. New Delhi: CBS.
Robbers, J. E., Speedie, M. K., Tyler, V. E., & Tyler, V. E. (1996).
Pharmacognosy and pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore: Williams &
Wilkins.
Heinrich, M., Kinghorn, A. D., Maizels, D., Gibbons, S., & Phillipson, J.
Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
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