NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05104

Pharmacodynamics of Antiarrythmic Drugs 315

Pharmacology and Therapeutics • Source Session/Topic 40

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Session 40: Pharmacodynamics of Antiarrythmic Drugs 315

PST 05104 Pharmacology & Therapeutics iv NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

Background

There is currently an ever-increasing demand for pharmaceutical personnel in Tanzania. This is due to expanding investment in public and private pharmaceutical sector. Shortage of trained pharmaceutical human resource contributes to poor quality of pharmaceutical services and low access to medicines in the country (GIZ, 2012).

Through Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) the Pharmacy Council (PC) together with Development Partners (DPs) in Germany and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs) worked together to address the shortage of human resource for pharmacy by designing a project named “Supporting Training Institutions for Improved Pharmaceutical Services in Tanzania‖ in order to improve quality and capacity of PTIs in training.

CSSC prepared a Multi-actor Partnership (MAP) project proposal on how to sustain and strengthen health care in Tanzania through improvement of pharmaceutical training and an inter-institutional coordination of actors. This will harmonize and improve access to quality pharmaceutical service in Tanzania.

The project has a various key stakeholders like; CSSC, NACTE, PC, TCU, CEDHA and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs). Through this project, few PTIs will receive infrastructural improvements to increase the quantitative and qualitative capacities (CUHAS, RUCU and KSP). Furthermore this project will train Pharmaceutical tutors from different PTIs on teaching and assessment methods in Tanzania and thus improved health delivery through increased qualified human resource.

It was also observed that in the previous stakeholder‘s meetings there was a need for the development of training manuals and assessment plans for NTA Level 5 & 6, in order to support the establishment and implementation of the curriculum in PTIs. During MAP kick-off workshop done in February 2018, Stakeholders agreed that there was a need for development of the said manuals and it was among the highest priority in Pharmacy education in Tanzania. Therefore this project aims at developing facilitator‘s guide and assessment plans for NTA Level 5 & 6.

Pharmacy Council, CSSC and action medeor developed the Terms of Reference and selected a qualified service provider with experience in material development to develop the mentioned training manuals and assessment plan. Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) was selected and offered a contract to develop Facilitators guide for NTA level 5 & 6 and assessment plan.

Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) was offered a leading role with the instructions to include experts who have developed teaching materials for NTA Level 4. These experts are primarily experienced pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical tutors.

The mode of operation used by CEDHA to develop facilitators guide and assessment plan was participatory approach which included a number of activities through various workshops such as planning, and orientation of material development. After these preliminary

PST 05104 Pharmacology & Therapeutics v NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

workshops, experts developed materials individually and in-groups. Thereafter, developed draft materials were reviewed, edited and formatted and draft one was finalized and shared to stakeholders for inputs.

Finally, CEDHA submitted the finalized Facilitator‘s guides and assessment plans for NTA level 5 and 6 to CSSC for endorsement, printing, dissemination and sharing with relevant authorities.

There are 11 modules for NTA level 5 making 11 facilitator guides including one practicum guide.

PST 05104 Pharmacology & Therapeutics vi NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

PST 05104 Pharmacology & Therapeutics vii NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

Acknowledgment

The development of standardized training materials of a competence-based curriculum for pharmaceutical sciences has been accomplished through involvement of different stakeholders.

Special thanks go to the Pharmacy Council for spearheading the harmonization of training materials in the pharmacy after noticing that training institutions in Tanzania were using different curricula and train their students differently.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to Christian Social Service Commission (CSSC) for their tireless efforts to mobilize funds from development partners (German Ministry of Industry and action medeor). It is through the implementation of the Multi-Actors Partnership (MAP) project, CSSC has been able to provide the financial and technical support needed during the development of this training material.

Many thanks go to the Centre for Educational Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA) experts on health material development and training who coordinated the development of these module sessions particularly Ms. Diana H. Gamuya for her commitment in coordinating and facilitating the planning and development to its completion.

Particular acknowledgements are sent to Mr. Dickson Mtalitinya and Members from the secretariat of National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) for facilitating and providing their expertise to the success of this work.

It will be unfair if I will not recognize the efforts and contributions of all CEDHA supportive staff that made this process a success; accountant, secretary, drivers and printers

Finally, I very much appreciate the contributions of the tutors and content experts representing PTIs, hospitals, and other health training institutions. Their participation in meetings and workshops, and their input in the development of this training manual/facilitators guide have been invaluable.

These participants are listed with our gratitude below:

Ms. Elizabeth Shekalaghe

Registrar, Pharmacy Council of Tanzania

Assistant Director Allied Health,MoHCDGEC

MoHCDGEC

Acting Principal, CEDHA

Project Manager – MAP, CSSC

CEDHA

Ms. Diana H. Gamuya

CEDHA

SIBS

Ms. Grace Mallange

PC

KSP

CSSC

Ms. Emily Mwakibolwa

Pharmacy Council

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Ms. Tumaini H. Lyombe

Ms. Dilisi J. Makawia

NACTE

CEDHA

HKMU

CUHAS

MUHAS

TCHRT

KSP

RAS-KLM

RuCU

SIBS

Director of Human Resources Development

Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children

PST 05104 Pharmacology & Therapeutics ix NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

Introduction

Module Overview

This module content is a guide for tutors of Pharmaceutical schools for training of students. The session contents are based on sub-enabling outcomes and their related tasks of the curriculum for Technician Course in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The module sub-enabling outcomes and their related tasks are as indicated in the in the Technician Certificate in Pharmaceutical Sciences (NTA Level 5) Curriculum

Target Audience

This module is intended for use primarily by tutors of pharmaceutical schools. The module‘s sessions give guidance on the time, activities and provide information on how to teach the session. The sessions include different activities, which focus on increasing students‘ knowledge, skills and attitudes.

Organization of the Module

The module consists of Forty (40) sessions; each session is divided into several parts as indicated below:

Session Title: The name of the session

Total Session Time: The estimated time for teaching the session, indicated in minutes

Pre-requisites: A module or session, which needs to be covered before teaching the session.

Learning Tasks: Statements which indicate what the student is expected to learn by the end of the session

Resources Needed: All resources needed for the session are listed including handouts and worksheets

Session Overview: The session overview box lists the steps, time for each step, the activity or method used in each step and the step title

Session Content: All the session contents are divided into steps. Each step has a heading and an estimated time to teach that step as shown in the overview box. Also, this section includes instructions for the tutor and activities with their instructions to be done during teaching of the contents

Key Points: Key messages for concluding the session contents at the end of a session This step summarizes the main points and ideas from the session, based on the learning tasks of the session

Evaluation: The last section of the session consists of short questions based on the learning tasks to check the understanding of students.

Handouts: Additional information, which can be used in the classroom while teaching or later for students‘, further learning. Handouts are used to provide extra information related to the session topic that cannot fit into the session time. The students to study material on their own and to refer to them after the session can use handouts. Sometimes,

PST 05104 Pharmacology & Therapeutics x NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

a handout will have questions or an exercise for the participants including the answers to the questions.

Instructions for Use and Facilitators Preparation

Tutors are expected to use the module as a guide to train students in the classroom and skills laboratory

The contents of the modules are the basis for teaching and learning dispensing.

Use the session contents as a guide

The tutors are therefore advised to read each session and the relevant handouts and worksheets as preparation before facilitating the session

Tutors need to prepare all the resources, as indicated in the resource section or any other item, for an effective teaching and learning process

Plan a schedule (timetable) of the training activities

Facilitators are expected to be innovative to make the teaching and learning process effective

Read the sessions before facilitation; make sure you understand the contents in order to clarify points during facilitation

Time allocated is estimated, but you are advised to follow the time as much as possible, and adjust as needed

Use session activities and exercises suggested in the sessions as a guide

Always involve students in their own learning. When students are involved, they learn more effectively

Facilitators are encouraged to use real life examples to make learning more realistic

Make use of appropriate reference materials and teaching resources available locally

Preparation with Handouts and Worksheets

Go through the session and identify handouts and worksheets needed for the session

Reproduce pages of these handouts and worksheets for student use while teaching the session. This will enable students to refer to handouts and worksheets during the session in the class. You can reproduce enough copies for students or for sharing

Give clear instructions to students on the student activity in order for the students to follow the instructions of the activity

Refer students to the specific page in the student manual as instructed in the facilitator guide

Using Students Manual When Teaching

The student manual is a document, which has the same content as the facilitator guide, which excludes facilitator instructions and answers for exercises.

The student manual is for assisting students to learn effectively and acts as a reference document during and after teaching the session

Some of the activities included in facilitator guide are in the student manual without facilitator instructions

PST 05104 Pharmacology & Therapeutics xi NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

Abbreviations/Acronyms

AGS

Gas Gangrene Antitoxin

ARS

Anti Rabies Serum

ARV

Anti-Retroviral

ATS

Tetanus antitoxin

BCG

Bacillus Calmette Guerin

BZD

Benzodiazapine

CNS

Central Nervous System

COCs

Combined Oral Contraceptives

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases

CUHAS

Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences

DPT

Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

E.L.C.T

Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania

FK(506)

Tacrolimus (a calcineurim inhibitor)

FKBP

(or FK506) Binding Protein

GNB

Gram Negative Bacteria

GM-CSF

Granulocytes –macrophage colony stimulating factor

HKMU

Hurbert Kairuki Memorial University

ICP

Increased Intra Cranial Pressure

IGs

Immunoglobulins

Interleukin

ICAM

Intracellular Adhession Molecule

IFN-ᵧ

Interferon gamma

ITP

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

JSI

John Snow Inc

KCMC

Kilimanjaro College of Medical Sciences

LZHRC

Lake zone Health Recourse Centre

MAO

Mono Amine Oxidase

MMR

Measles, Mumps and Rubella

mTOR

Mammalian target of Rapamycin

MoHCGC

Ministry of Health, Community development, Gender, Elderly and

children

MUHAS

Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences

NACTE

National Council For Technical Education

NSAIDS

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

POPs

Progestogen Only Pills

RuCU

Ruaha Catholic University

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

SIBS

Spring Institute of Business

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SLF

USP

Saint Luke Foundation

United States Pharmacopoeia

PST 05104 Pharmacology & Therapeutics xiii NTA Level 5 Semester 1 Facilitator Guide

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