Immunological Preparations
Session 49: Immunological Preparations
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Pre-requisites
Students Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |20 minutes |Presentation |Immunological Preparations |
|3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Vaccines and Sera |
|4 |40 minutes |Presentation |Classification of Vaccines and |
| | | |Sera |
|5 |30 minutes |Presentation |Composition of Vaccines and Sera |
|6 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
| 7|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Immunological Preparations (20 minutes)
o Immunological preparations are a group of pharmaceutical
preparations with diverse origins but with a common
pharmacological purpose of modifying the immune status of a
recipient, either to provide immunity to infectious disease or to
help in detection (diagnosis) of a disease
o Types of immunological preparations
o They modify the immune system
o They contain antigens or antibodies/immunoglobulins
o They produce specific responses
STEP 3: Vaccines and Immune sera (15 minutes)
o Vaccine is a biological preparation that consists of either a
whole organism (killed or live attenuated) or part of an organism
introduced into an individual to induce adequate antibody
production against the organism so that the individual is
protected against infection caused by that particular organism
o Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the immune system of the
recipient to produce T-cells or antibodies that attack and destroy
the infectious agent
o Immune sera (singular serum) also known as antisera are amber-
coloured, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood
coagulates
o Blood serum of an animal is used to provide immunity to a pathogen
or toxin by inoculation or used as a diagnostic agent
o The sera contain antibodies against specific disease and used to
provide passive immunity to that diseases. Sera do not stimulate
production of antibodies
o Immune sera are prepared by injecting repeated doses of an antigen
into horse or other suitable animal
o The animal is injected until high titre of antibodies are produced
by the body of the animal
o The animal must be in good health and free from infections
o Blood is obtained from the animal and processed to produce serum
o Are preparations of immunoglobulins principally IgG subclasses
that are present in human blood
o They are derived from plasma of donated blood and from plasma
obtained from plasmapheresis
o Specific immunoglobulins are prepared from smaller pools of plasma
obtained from individuals who have suffered recent infections or
who have undergone recent immunization and who have high titre of
a particular antibody
any plasma capable of transmitting infections to recipient are
excluded
o The immunoglobulins are presented as freeze dried or liquid
preparation at suitable concentration (10-20 times higher than
that in the plasma)
o Glycine may be added as a stabilizer and thiomersal as a
preservative
STEP 4: Classes of vaccines and Sera (40 minutes)
o Vaccines containing killed or inactivated pathogens
o Vaccines containing live or attenuated pathogens
o Live vaccines
agents which when administered by appropriate route cause
subclinical or mild infections
the vaccine evoke an immune response which provide protection
against the more serious natural disease
o Attenuated vaccines
manipulated in the laboratory to produce strain of the pathogen
with reduced virulence
consecutive passage through an anima which is not a host
of the pathogen e.g. small pox vaccine passage in calf and
passage through a series of cultures e.g. rabies virus in
human cell culture
immune response
o Examples of live vaccines include Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG),
oral polio vaccine, yellow fever vaccine, measles vaccine etc.
o Advantages of live vaccines include;
o Disadvantage of live vaccines
vaccines)
o These vaccines do not replicate as the pathogens are killed or
only their components are present in the vaccines
o They require adjuvants to enhance immunogenicity
o They are toxic and thus require multiple doses
o Most viral vaccines are killed or inactivated
o Killed vaccines
other pathogenic agents that have been killed by heat or by
disinfectants such as phenol or formaldehyde
in the vaccine, the vaccine may be toxic to the body
and booster doses give at regular intervals of time
influenza vaccine, and rabies vaccine
o Toxoid vaccines
secreted by certain species of bacteria
eliminate toxicity but retaining its immunogenicity
Toxoiding and the end product is the toxoid
TT), and Diphtheria toxoid
o Cell Component or Subunit vaccines
components
vaccines
subunits contained in the vaccine
whole vaccines
vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine etc
o Antitoxins
does not kill the bacteria
o Antimicrobial sera
susceptible to leukocyte action
o Injection with these antisera provide temporary or passive
immunity against a specific disease and is used when a person has
already been exposed to or has contracted the disease
o Diseases where passive immunization is used include diphtheria,
tetanus, botulism and gas gangrene
STEP 5: Composition of vaccines and Sera (30 minutes)
effective protection to the vaccinated individuals
o The chief ingredient in all vaccines is the active ingredient
produces immunity that can fight the disease
the case of vaccine
o Adjuvant is another component of a vaccine
enhances the immune response
o Water
o Preservatives
microorganisms
o Stabilizers
of temperature
sorbitol, sucrose, lactose etc.
STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)
system
recipient to produce T-cells or antibodies that attack and destroy the
infectious agent
effective protection to the vaccinated individuals
provide passive immunity to that diseases. Sera do not stimulate
production of antibodies
not kill the bacteria
STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)
References
Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey-
Blackwel publications
Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical
Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc.
Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill
Livingstone
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