NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103

Rabies

Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 28

Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability.

Session 28: Rabies

Total Session Time: 60 minutes

Pre-requisites

• Human anatomy and physiology

Students Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• List Describe rabies (causative agents, transmission, signs and

symptoms)

• To Describe treatment, prevention and control of rabies

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers

SESSION OVERVIEW

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Causes and Transmission of Rabies (15 minutes)

• Rabies is an acute viral infection of the central nervous system that

affects all mammal.

• Rabies is caused by the Rabies virus infects the central nervous

system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death.

• Rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that belongs to the genus

lyssavirus of the family Rhabdoviridae

o Rabies virus is a rod- or bullet-shaped, single-stranded, negative-

sense, unsegmented, enveloped RNA virus

• Rabies is transmitted to man by a bite wound from an infected animal

via infected secretions, usually saliva.

• Cycle

o After inoculation, rabies virus may enter the peripheral nervous

system directly and migrates to the brain or may replicate in

muscle tissue, remaining sequestered at or near the entry site

during incubation, prior to central nervous system invasion and

replication.

o It then spreads centrifugally to numerous other organs.

[pic]

STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Rabies (15 minutes)

• Rabies infection has five general stages in humans: incubation,

prodrome, acute neurologic period, coma, and death.

o The incubation period is exceptionally variable, ranging from fewer

than 10 days to longer than 2 years, but is usually 1–3 months.

o Early or prodromal clinical features of the disease are non-

specific and include

▪ Fever, general malaise and fatigue

▪ Respiratory system features (sore throat, cough, and

dyspnea),

▪ gastrointestinal system features (anorexia, dysphagia,

nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea)

▪ Central nervous systems (headache, vertigo, anxiety,

apprehension, irritability, and nervousness

o The late features of the disease are:

▪ Excessive motor activity and agitation, confusion,

hallucinations, excessive salivation, convulsions, priapism,

increased libido, hydrophobia, insomnia, nightmares and

depression

• Death is considered as invariable outcome.

STEP 3: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Rabies (15 minutes)

• Treatment of rabies include;

o Local wound therapy

▪ The bite wound is thoroughly washed with water and soap

▪ Then washed with 0% Povidone iodine to prevent secondary

bacterial infection

o To prevent or treat bacterial infection antibiotics are used;

▪ Amoxycillin with clavulanic acid

▪ Ciprofloxacin

▪ Clindamycin

▪ Trimothoprime/sulphamethoxazole

o Passive immunization

▪ Anti-rabies human immunoglobulin

• Parenterally and the other half injected into and around

the wound

o Active immunization

▪ Human Diploid Cell Vaccine (HDCV)

▪ Tetanus toxoid vaccine

• Prevention and control

o Animal rabies is prevented by vaccinating susceptible species,

particularly dogs and cats.

▪ This reduces transmission to humans

o Human rabies is best prevented by avoiding exposures to the disease

▪ If exposure occurs, postexposure prophylaxis is necessary

and should be initiated promptly.

▪ Postexposure prophylaxis consists of the combination of

local wound cleansing, human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) and

rabies vaccine.

STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes)

• Rabies is a fatal viral infection that attacks the central nervous and

respiratory systems of mammals, including humans.

• It is caused by a bite from an infected animal via secretions usually

saliva. Human infection can be from rabid dogs, bats and other

animals.

• The disease attacks the central nervous system causing non-specific

illness which later develop to severe neurological dysfunction and

death

• Rabies is best prevented than treated by avoiding exposure to the

virus through vaccination of animals and in case exposure occurs

immediate institution of post exposure prophylaxis.

STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes)

• How is rabies transmitted?

• What are the preventive and control measures for rabies?

• Name the medicines that are used in the management of rabies.

References

Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey-

Blackwel publications

Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical

Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc.

Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill

Livingstone

← Previous Topic Next Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topics Open Complete Full Notes

PDF / OFFLINE NOTES

Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP

WhatsApp: 255620339260