Parenteral and Gaseous Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Session 6: Parenteral and Gaseous Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |10 minutes |Presentation |Definition of Parenteral Dosage Form|
| | |Brainstorming | |
|3 |20 minutes |Presentation |Types of Parenteral Dosage Forms |
|4 |10 minutes |Presentation |Ideal Properties of Parenteral |
| | | |Dosage Forms |
|5 | |Presentation |Advantages and Disadvantages of |
| |25 minutes |Small group |Parenteral Dosage Forms |
| | |discussion | |
|6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Definition of Gaseous/Aerosols |
| | |Brainstorming |Dosage Forms |
|7 |20 minutes |Presentation |Advantages and Disadvantages of |
| | |Brainstorming |Aerosols |
|8 |15 minutes |Presentation |Aerosols Packaging Components |
|9 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
| 10|05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Definition of Parenteral Dosage Form (10 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What are parenteral dosage forms? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
injection through the skin or other external boundary tissues
tissues
intraarticular or intrathecal
STEP 3: Types of Parenteral Dosage Forms (20 minutes)
types
o Injections
o For injections
solutions conforming in all respects to the requirements for
injections, e.g. Cefuroxime
o Injectable emulsions
suitable emulsion medium, e.g. Propofol
o Injectable suspension
o For Injectable suspension
yields suspension preparation conforming in all respects to the
requirements for injectable suspensions, e.g. Imipenem and
Cilastatin for injectable suspension
STEP 4: Ideal Properties of Parenteral Dosage Forms (10 minutes)
o Sterile (completely free from living micro-organisms)
o Pyrogenic free
o Free from microbial products such as toxins
o Free from physical and chemical contaminants
o ISOTONIC (i.e.; their osmotic pressure should be the same as that of
body fluids)
STEP 5: Advantages and Disadvantages of Parenteral Dosage Forms (25
minutes)
|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 10 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |
| |
|ASK students to discuss on the following question |
|What are the advantages and disadvantages of parenteral dosage forms? |
| |
|ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes |
| |
|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |
o For immediate action (as for emergency)
o For drugs that cannot be given via enteric route of administration,
e.g.insulin
o Amount of solution to be administered can be varied from millilitres
to litres.
o For medical treatment, when drugs cannot be given orally for example
children and unconscious patients
o Suitable for modified form of drugs
o Need trained personnel to administer the drug(s)
o Injections cause pain at the site of injection
o The administration of the drug through wrong route may be fatal
o It is difficult to save the patient when wrong drug or over-dose is
given
o Need aseptic conditions for application
STEP 6: Definition of Gaseous/Aerosol Dosage Forms (5 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What is an aerosol? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
o Is a product containing therapeutically active ingredients dissolved,
suspended, or emulsified in a propellant under pressure
o In general an aerosol is a colloidal dispersion of solid or liquid
particles in a gas
o It is intended for inhalationor topical administration or
administration into body cavities
STEP 7: Advantages and Disadvantages of Gaseous/ Aerosol Dosage Forms (20
minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What are the advantages of aerosol dosage forms? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
o The product is administered easily and quickly
o A dose can be removed without contamination of materials
o Stability is enhanced for those substances adversely affected by
oxygen and or moisture
o Rapid onset of action, avoidance of degradation of the drug in the
gastrointestinal tract and first pass effect
o Lower dose of drug can be used and hence minimize adverse and side
effects
o The medication can be delivered directly to the affected area in a
desired form such as spray
o Irritation produced by the mechanical application of topical
medication is reduced or eliminated
o Expensive
o Cooling effect
o Refrigeration effects of the propellants can irritate the skin
o Likely to be used in overdoses by patients due to difficultness in
dose estimation
STEP 8: Aerosol Packaging Components (15 minutes)
o Propellant
o Container
o Valve and actuator
o Product concentrate
o It is responsible for developing the power pressure within the
container
o Expel the product when the valve is opened and in the atomization or
foam production of the product
o It may be glass or metal
o The bottom is curved to strengthen the container and to use up all the
product
o It must be strong to withstand the pressure of the formulation
o Delivers drug in desired form
o Gives proper amount of medication
o Contains ingredients or mixture of active ingredients and others such
as solvents, antioxidants and surfactants
STEP 9: Key Points (5 minutes)
the tissue
dissolved, suspended, or emulsified in a propellant
that will allow sufficient delivery of medication
STEP 10: Evaluation (5 minutes)
References
Aulton, M.E.,Taylor, M.K. (2001). Pharmaceutics: The Science of dosage form
design
(2nd ed.). USA: Churchill Livingstone.
Cooper, J.W., Gunns, C., & Carter, S.J. (2008). Dispensing for
Pharmaceutical Students
(12th end). Delhi, India: CBS Publishers and Distributors.
Rawlins, E.A. (2001).Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics (8th ed.). London,
UK:
Bailliere Tindall.
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