Common Disorders of Human Cells
Session 3: Common Disorders of Human Cells
Total Session Time: 60 minutes
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning tasks |
|2 | |Presentation |Definition of Terminologies |
| |10 minutes | |Associated with Cellular Changes |
|3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Definition and Common Types of |
| | |Brainstorming |Cancers |
|4 |10 minutes |Presentation |Characteristics of Malignant and |
| | | |Benign |
| | | |Tumours |
|5 |15 minutes |Presentation |Aetiology and Associated Factors for|
| | |Buzzing |Tumours |
|6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
|7 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Definition of Terminologies Associated with Cellular Changes (5
minutes)
is characteristic of most malignancies
decrease in the size of the affected tissue or organ; wasting away
cells due to chronic irritation or inflammation; may progress to
neoplasia (tumour formation, usually malignant) or revert to normal if
the irritation is removed
to an increase in the frequency of cell division
STEP 3: Definition and Common Types of Cancers (15 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What is Cancer? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
cell proliferation
o When cells in a part of the body divide without control, the excess
tissue that develops is called a tumour or neoplasm
o The study of tumours is called oncology
o Tumours may be cancerous and often fatal, or they may be harmless
o A cancerous neoplasm is called a malignant tumour or malignancy
o One property of most malignant tumours is their ability to undergo
metastasis , the spread of cancerous cells to other parts of the body
o A benign tumour is a neoplasm that does not metastasize, an example is
a wart
o Most benign tumours may be removed surgically if they interfere with
normal body function or become disfiguring
o Some benign tumours can be inoperable and perhaps fatal
Common types of cancers
develops
epithelial cells
epithelial cells that produce the pigment melanin
connective tissues.
cancer, destroys normal bone tissue
growth of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells)
lymph nodes
STEP 4: Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumours(10 minutes)
| |FACTOR |BENIGN |MALIGNANT |
|1 |Growth rate |Slow |Rapid |
|2 |Mitoses |Few |Many |
|3 |Differentiation |Good |Poor |
|4 |Nuclear chromatin |Normal |Increased |
|5 |Local growth |Expansible |Infiltrative |
|6 |Encapsulation |Present |Absent |
|7 |Destruction of tissue |Negligible |Wide spread |
|8 |Vascular invasion |None |Frequent |
|9 |Metastasis |None |Frequent |
STEP 5: Aetiology and Associated Factors for Tumours /Cancers (15 minutes)
|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |
| |
|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 |
|minutes |
| |
|What are causes of cancers? |
| |
|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |
|mentioned |
| |
|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |
cancerous
water we drink, and the food we eat
carcinogen
Three classes of carcinogenic agents are:
Chemical Carcinogens
o Chemical carcinogens have highly reactive electrophile groups that
directly damage DNA, leading to mutations and eventually cancer
o Direct-acting agents do not require metabolic conversion to become
carcinogenic, while indirect-acting agents are not active until converted
to an ultimate carcinogen by endogenous metabolic pathways
o Polymorphisms of endogenous enzymes like cytochrome P-450 may influence
carcinogenesis
o Following exposure of a cell to a mutagen or an initiator, tumour-genesis
can be enhanced by exposure to promoters, which stimulate proliferation
of the mutated cells
o Examples of human carcinogens include:
endometrium
Radiation Carcinogenesis
o Ionizing radiation causes chromosome breakage, translocations, and less
frequently, point mutations, leading to genetic damage and carcinogenesis
o UV rays (UVR-Ultra violet rays), induce the formation of pyrimidine
dimers within DNA, leading to mutations
o UV rays can give rise to squamous cell carcinomas and melanomas of the
skin
Microbial agents
o Oncogenic Viruses
well as cervical cancer
Burkitt lymphomas
transplantation)
infection with: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
chronic inflammation, hepatocellular injury, stimulation of hepatocyte
proliferation, and production of reactive oxygen species that can damage
DNA
o Bacteria
cancer
cells that indicates the presence of a tumour, as well as the specific
type
evaluate a response to treatment, and monitor for recurrence of
cancer.
STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)
cell proliferation.
tissue that develops is called a tumour or neoplasm
o Chemicals
o Radiant energy
o Microbial agents
STEP 7: Evaluation (5 hours)
References
Kumar, A. et al (2004). Robbins Basic Pathology. WB: Saunders.
Spector, T.D. & Axford, J. S. (1999). Introduction to General Pathology.
Edinburgh:
Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D.& Tate, P. (2003). Anatomy and Physiology.
New York:
McGraw-Hill
Shier, A., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2004). Hole’s Human Anatomy &
Physiology. New York:
McGraw-Hill
Standring, S. (2008). Grays’s Anatomy The anatomical basis of clinical
practice. United
Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier.
Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (1999). Anatomy & Physiology. Saint
Louis: Mosby,
Von Hoffman Press, Inc.
Tortora, G.J & Derrickson, B (2009). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
12th Edition,
USA, John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA
Walter, J.B, & Talbot, I. C. (1996). General Pathology. New York: Churchill
Livingstone
Waugh, A. & Grant, A. (2006). Ross and Willson Anatomy and physiology in
Health and
illness. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier
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