The ABO Blood Grouping System and Rhesus Factors
Session 18: The ABO Blood Grouping System and Rhesus Factors
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |40 minutes | Presentation|The ABO System of Blood Grouping |
| | |Brainstorming | |
|3 |25 minutes |Presentation | Rhesus Factors in Relation to Blood|
| | |Brainstorming |Grouping |
|4 | | Presentation| Blood Clotting Mechanism and Role |
| |40 minutes |Small Group |of Vitamin K in Clotting |
| | |Discussion | |
|5 |05 minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
| 6 |05 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: The ABO System of Blood Grouping (40 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What is ABO system of blood grouping? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
o A classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited
antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
o These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or
glycolipids, depending on the blood group system, and some of these
antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of
various tissues.
o Several of these red blood cell surface antigens, collectively form a
blood group system
o Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents.
o The ABO system is the most important blood group system in human blood
transfusion.
o It is associated with anti- A antibodies and anti-B antibodies
o Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigen on the surface of
their RBCs, and their blood serum does not contain any antibodies against
either A or B antigen.
o An individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with
AB being preferable), but can donate blood only to another group AB
individual
o Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their
RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the B antigen
o A group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A
or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with
type A or AB.
o Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their
RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen
o A group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B
or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with
type B or AB.
o Blood group O individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the
surface of their RBCs, but their blood serum contain IgM anti-A
antibodies and anti-B antibodies against the A and B blood group
antigens.
o A group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual,
but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i.e. A, B, O
or AB) if anyone needs a blood.
STEP 3: Rhesus Factors in Relation to Blood Grouping (25 minutes)
|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What are Rhesus factors in relation to blood grouping? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |
o The Rhesus system is the second most significant blood group system in
human blood transfusion.
o The term Rhesus (Rh) blood group system refers to the 5 main Rhesus
antigens (C, c, D, E and e) as well as the many other less frequent
Rhesus antigens
o The most significant Rhesus antigen is the Rh D antigen because it is the
most immunogenic of the five main rhesus antigens
o The terms "positive" or "negative" refer to either the presence or
absence of the Rh D antigen irrespective of the presence or absence of
the other antigens of the Rhesus system
o If an Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood by mistake,
antibodies will be formed just as they would be to bacteria or viruses
o A first mistaken transfusion often does not cause problems, because
antibody production is slow upon the first exposure to Rh-positive RBCs
o A second transfusion, however, when anti-Rh antibodies are already
present, will bring about a transfusion reaction, with haemolysis and
possible kidney damage
STEP 4: Blood Clotting Mechanism (40 minutes)
|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |
| |
|ASK students to discuss on the following question |
|What is blood clotting mechanism? |
| |
|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |
| |
|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |
Blood clotting mechanism
(coagulation)
which slows blood loss
bleeding.
elements of blood are trapped
factor
three stages:
o Formation of prothrombinase
o Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
o Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
pathways of blood clotting
(tightening of the clot) and ultimately fibrinolysis (dissolution of the
clot)
The role of Vitamin K in clotting
required for the synthesis of four clotting factors
lining of the intestine and into the blood if absorption of lipids is
normal
example, inadequate release of bile into the small intestine) often
experience uncontrolled bleeding as a consequence of vitamin K deficiency
STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)
absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood
cells (RBCs).
blood clotting (coagulation).
required for the synthesis of four clotting factors
STEP 6: Evaluation (5minutes)
References
ed.). Lippincott:
Williams & Wilkins.
Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D., & Tate, P. (2003). Anatomy and Physiology.
New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Shier, A., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2004). Hole’s Human Anatomy &
Physiology. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Standring, S. (2008). Grays’s Anatomy The anatomical basis of clinical
practice. United
Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier.
Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (1999). Anatomy & Physiology. Saint
Louis: Mosby,
Von Hoffman Press, Inc.
Waugh, A., & Grant, A. (2006). Ross and Willson Anatomy and physiology in
Health and
illness. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier.
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