NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04103

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Organization of Organism

Human Anatomy and Physiology • Source Session/Topic 1

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Session 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Organization of Organism

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Prerequisites

• None

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• Define the Terms: Anatomy, Cytology, Histology and Physiology

• Describe Anatomical Position and Planes

• Explain Terms of Relationship and Comparison

• Identify Structural Organization Levels of Organism

• Identify Characteristics of Living Things

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers

• Charts, OHP, Multimedia Projector, Computer, Pointer

SESSION OVERVIEW

SESSION CONTENTSbv8777=nngt /

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Definition of Terms Used in Anatomy and Physiology

(10 minutes)

• Anatomy: It is a study of structure of the body and physical relationship

involved in between body system.

• Is generally divided into three components

o Gross anatomy

▪ It is the study of structure as they appear in human body.

o Developmental anatomy

It is the study of the s.tructural changes that occur between

conception and adulthood.

o Surface anatomy

▪ It is the study of the external form of the body and its relation

to deeper structures.

• Cytology: The study of the structural features of cells using microscope.

• Histology: The study of tissues, which are cells and the material

surrounding them.

• Physiology: The science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical

functions of humans in good health, their organs and the cells of

which they are composed.

• Pathology: The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with

an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well

as the structural and functional resulting from disease.

STEP 3: Anatomical Position and Planes (35 minutes)

Anatomical Position

• All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to the anatomical

position.

• The anatomical position refers to people regardless of the actual

position they may be in as if they were standing erect, with their:

o Head, eyes (gaze), and toes directed anteriorly (forward)

o Upper limbs by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly

o Lower limbs close together with the feet parallel and the toes directed

anteriorly

0. [pic]

Source: Moore, K. L., & Agur, A. M. R. (2007)

Figure 1.1: Anatomical Position and Body Regions

Anatomical Planes

• Anatomical descriptions are based on four imaginary planes that intersect

the body in the anatomical position.

• There are many sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, but there is

only one median plane

• Median (median sagittal) plane is the vertical plane passing

longitudinally through the centre of the body, dividing it into right and

left halves

• Sagittal planes are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to

the median plane.

• It is helpful to give a point of reference to indicate the position of a

specific plane for example, a sagittal plane through the midpoint of the

clavicle

• A plane parallel and near the median plane may be referred to as a Para

median plane

• Frontal (coronal) planes are vertical planes passing through the body at

right angles to the median plane, dividing it into anterior (front) and

posterior (back) portion for example, a frontal plane through the heads

of the mandible

• Transverse planes are planes passing through the body at right angles to

the median and frontal planes. A transverse plane divides the body into

superior (upper) and inferior (lower) part for example, a transverse

plane through the umbilicus

[pic]

|Activity: Demonstration (10 minutes) |

| |

|SHOW students how to stand in anatomical position. |

| |

|[pic]REFER students to figure 1.1: Anatomical Position and Body Regions|

| |

|SELECT three students and tell them to stand in anatomical position. |

| |

|ASK other students to observe and comment who is correct and give |

|reason. |

| |

|ALLOW students to respond |

|. |

STEP 4: Terms of Relationship and Comparison (20 minutes)

• The following terminologies describe the relationship of parts of the

body in the anatomical position and compare the position of two

structures relative to each other

Table 1: Terms of anatomical direction

|Term |Meaning |

|Anterior |In front of, front |

|Posterior |After, behind, following, toward|

| |the rear |

|Distal |Away from, farther from the |

| |origin |

|Proximal |Near, closer to the origin |

|Dorsal |Near the upper surface, toward |

| |the back |

|Ventral |Toward the bottom, toward the |

| |belly |

|Superior |Above, over |

|Inferior |Below, under |

|Lateral |Toward the side, away from the |

| |mid-line |

|Medial |Toward the mid-line, middle, |

| |away from the side |

|Rostral |Toward the front |

|Caudal |Toward the back, toward the tail|

[pic]

Source: Moore, K. L., & Agur, A. M. R. (2007)

Figure 1.3: Terms of relationship and comparison

Table 2: Combined terms describing intermediate positional arrangements

|Combined Terms |Meaning |

|Inferomedial |Nearer to the feet and closer to|

| |the median plane for example, |

| |the anterior parts of the ribs |

| |run inferomedially |

|Superolateral |Nearer to the head and farther |

| |from the |

| |median plane |

|Proximal and distal |Directional terms used when |

| |describing |

| |positions for example, whether |

| |structures are nearer to the |

| |trunk or point of origin (i.e. |

| |proximal) |

|Dorsum |Superior or dorsal (back) |

| |surface of any part that |

| |protrudes anteriorly from the |

| |body, such as the dorsum of the |

| |foot, hand, penis, or tongue |

Terms of Laterality

• Paired structures having right and left members (e.g., the kidneys) are

bilateral, whereas those occurring on one side only (e.g., the spleen)

are unilateral. Ipsilateral means occurring on the same side of the body

e.g. the right thumb and right great toe.

Contra-lateral means occurring on the opposite side of the body

e.g. the right hand and

the left hand

STEP 5: Structural Organization Levels of Organism (15 minutes)

• The body has six structural levels:

o Chemical level

o Cell level

o Tissue level

o Organ level

o Organ system level

o Organism level

o Chemical level

▪ The chemical level involves the interactions between atoms, which

combine to form] molecules such as sugar, water, fats and proteins

o Cell level

▪ Cells are the basic units of all living things.

▪ Molecules combine to form organelles, which are the small

structure that make up cells

▪ The plasma membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell and the

nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary information.

o Tissue level

▪ A tissue is a group of similar cells and the material surrounding

them.

▪ The characteristic of the cells and surrounding material determine

the functions of the tissue

▪ The numerous different tissues that make up the body are

classified into four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle and

nervous.

o Organ level

▪ An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one

or more common functions

▪ The urinary bladder, heart, skin, and eye are examples of organ

o Organ system level

▪ An organ system is a group of organs that have a common function

or set of functions

▪ An organ system are therefore viewed as a unit

▪ For example. urinary system consists of the kidney, ureter,

urinary bladder and urethra

o Organism level

▪ An organism is any living thing considered as a whole, whether

composed of one cell such as bacterium or of trillions of cells such

as human

STEP 6: Characteristics of Living Organism (20 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|What are the characteristics of living organisms? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

• Human are organisms that share common characteristics with other

organisms.

• The most important common feature of all organisms is life.

• The following are the characteristics of life.

o Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development and

reproduction are life’s essential characteristics

o Organization:

▪ Is the condition in which the parts of an organism have specific

relationship to each other and the parts interact to perform

specific functions

▪ For example organism is composed of cells which in turn have

specialized organelles which depend on the precise organization of

large molecules.

▪ The disruption of this organized state may lead to loss of

function of a cell or cell death.

o Metabolism

▪ Are all chemical reactions taking place in an organism

▪ It includes the ability of an organism to break down food

molecules (digestion) and absorption into the body, where are used

as a source of energy and raw material for organism to synthesize

the organism’s own molecules

o Responsiveness

▪ The ability of an organism to sense changes in its external or

internal environment and adjust to those changes

Other characteristics includes

o Growth: increase in body size without change in shape

o Reproduction: production of new organism and new cell

o Respiration: obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide and releasing

energy from foods

o Excretion: removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

o Circulation: movement of substances from place to place in body fluid

• Life depend upon the following environmental factors

o Water: is the most abundant substance in the body. It is required for a

variety of metabolic processes and it provides the environment in which

most of them take place

o Food: refers to substances that provide organisms with necessary

chemical (nutrients) in addition to water

o Oxygen: is a gas used in the process of releasing energy from nutrients

o Heat: is a form of energy from metabolic reactions and it also controls

the rate at which these reactions occur.

o Pressure: is an application of force on an object or substance.

o In human the pressure plays role in breathing, circulation (heart

action produces blood pressure which keeps blood flowing through blood

vessels)

STEP 7: Key Points (5 minutes)

• Anatomy is a study of structure of the body and physical relationship

involved in between body system.

• Physiology is the scientific investigation of the process or functions

of living things

• The anatomical position refers to people regardless of the actual

position they may be in as if they were standing erect.

• The body has six structural levels which are Chemical level, Cell level,

Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level and Organism level

• All anatomical descriptions are expressed in relation to the anatomical

position

• Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development and

reproduction are life’s essential characteristics

STEP 8: Evaluation (10 minutes)

• Define the terms: anatomy, cytology, histology and physiology

• What are the anatomical position and planes

• What are the Structural levels of the human body

• What are the characteristics of life

References

Kumar, A. et al (2004). Robbins Basic Pathology. WB: Saunders.

Spector, T.D. & Axford, J. S. (1999). Introduction to General Pathology.

Edinburgh:

Seeley, R. R., Stephens, T. D.& Tate, P. (2003). Anatomy and Physiology.

New York:

McGraw-Hill

Shier, A., Butler, J., & Lewis, R. (2004). Hole’s Human Anatomy &

Physiology. New York:

McGraw-Hill

Standring, S. (2008). Grays’s Anatomy The anatomical basis of clinical

practice. United

Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier.

Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (1999). Anatomy & Physiology. Saint

Louis: Mosby,

Von Hoffman Press, Inc.

Tortora, G.J & Derrickson, B (2009). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

12th Edition,

USA, John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA

Walter, J.B, & Talbot, I. C. (1996). General Pathology. New York: Churchill

Livingstone

Waugh, A. & Grant, A. (2006). Ross and Willson Anatomy and physiology in

Health and

illness. United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone Elservier

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