NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04102

Concepts of Disease Control and Prevention

Disease Control and Prevention • Source Session/Topic 1

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Session 1: Concepts of Disease Control and Prevention

Total Session Time: 60 minutes + 2 hours Assignment

Prerequisites

• None

Learning Task

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• Define Terms

• Explain Common Terms in Disease and Disease Control/Prevention

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers

• Computer and LCD Projector

SESSION OVERVIEW

|2 | 35 |Presentation |Definition of Common Terms in |

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Task (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning task and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Definition of Common Terms in Disease and Disease Control (35

minutes)

|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |

| |

|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 |

|minutes |

| |

|What are the common terms in disease and disease control? |

| |

|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |

|mentioned |

| |

|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |

Definition of common terms

Disease

• A disorder with a specific cause and recognisable signs and symptoms

• Any bodily abnormality or failure to function properly, except that

resulting directly from physical injury (the latter, however, may open

the way for disease)

Communicable diseases

• Diseases which can be transmitted from one person to another or from

animal to person

o For example, cholera, tuberculosis

Non- communicable disease

• A medical condition or disease that is non-infectious or non-

transmissible which last for long periods and progress slowly

o For example, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases,

diabetes

Epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people)

• A classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a given

human population, during a given period, at a rate that substantially

exceeds what is ‘expected’, based on recent experience. Therefore, it

is unusual occurrence of a disease in the community

Endemic

• The constant presence of a disease or infectious agents within a

community

Pandemic (from Greek pa? pan all + demos people)

• An epidemic that spreads across a large region (for example a

continent), or worldwide

Nosocomial

• An infection developing in a patient while in a hospital or acquired

in a hospital but could show up after discharge

Principle of disease transmission

Transmission of a disease in human requires the following components:

• An agent capable of infecting man

• A source: an infected host or reservoir of infection

• A portal of exit from the source

• A suitable means of transmission

• A portal of entry into a new host

• A susceptible host

Agent

• Is an organism, mainly a microorganism but including helminthes that is

capable of causing disease

Reservoir (of infection)/ host)

• Refers to any human beings, animals, arthropods, plants, soil or

inanimate matter or a combination of these in which an infectious agent

normally lives and multiplies, and on which it primarily depends for

survival and reproduction in such a manner that it can be transmitted to

a susceptible host.

o A reservoir of infection can also be termed as the natural habitat of

the infectious agent

o Disease that man is the only reservoir is called anthroponeses e.g.

measles and cholera

o Those that involve other animals reservoirs are called zoonoses e.g.

plague and rabies

Portal of exit in the human host

• Include the respiratory passages, the alimentary canal, the opening in

the genital urinary system and the skin lesion

Suitable means of transmission

• Transmission of infectious agent is any mechanism by which a susceptible

host is exposed to an infectious agent. It may be either direct or

indirect

Transmission Cycle of Communicable Diseases

• The transmission cycle describes how an organism grows, multiplies and

spreads

• For the agent to cause a disease; it has to enter the body; routes of

entry are virtually the same as those of escape of the agent.

o The agent must enter and multiply inside the host

o The infectious organism grows and cause disease in the human body

• Different diseases have different transmission cycle

• For an agent to cause disease in an individual it must enter in the human

body and multiply

Common Communicable Diseases in Tanzania

Common communicable diseases include group of the following diseases as per

mode of transmission:

• Air-borne diseases e.g. respiratory infections, pulmonary tuberculosis

• Diseases caused by fecal contamination e.g.cholera, typhoid fever,

amoebiasis

• Vector-borne diseases e.g. malaria, plague, schistosomiasis

• Diseases from animals and products e.g. tetanus, rabies, anthrax,

brucellosis

• Contact (contagious) diseases e.g. scabies, fungal skin infections,

leprosy

• Sexually transmitted infections e.g. gonorrhea, syphilis, trichomoniasis

• Helminthic diseases e.g. ascariasis, hookworm, taeniasis, trichuriasis

Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases

The main methods of communicable disease prevention/control are:

• Attacking the source or reservoir by:

o Treatment – cases are treated with drugs that destroys the organisms

o Immunization – this increases the host resistance to disease by

increasing the body‟s immune response

o Isolation – the person with the disease is not allowed to come into

close contact with other people, except those who are providing care

o Reservoir control – in those diseases which have their main reservoir

in animals, mass treatment, chemoprophylaxis or immunization of the

animal can be carried out.

o Notification – notification means that one immediately informs the

local authorities (RMO/DMO/MOI/C of the nearby health facility) of the

presence or suspicion of an infectious disease.

• Interrupting transmission by:

o Environmental sanitation

o Personal hygiene and behavior change

o Vector control

o Disinfection and sterilization

o Preventive chemotherapy through mass drug administration (MDA)

• Protecting the host by:

o Immunization – increases the host’s resistance

o Chemoprophylaxis

o Personal protection

o Better nutrition

Disease Control

• Measures designed to prevent further spread of the diseases from the

infected persons and specific treatment to minimize time for transmission

and to reduce morbidity and mortality

• Methods for disease control include:

o Preventive measures e.g. isolation, immunization

o Treatment

o Surveillance

STEP 3: Key Points (5 minutes)

• Diseases may be divided into 2 broad categories which are communicable

and non-communicable diseases.

• Principles of disease transmission includes agent, source, means of

transmission, portal of exit, portal of entry and susceptible host

• Disease control requires immediate preventive measures, proper treatment

and continuous surveillance to reduce morbidity and mortality

STEP 4: Evaluation (5 minutes)

• What common terms are used in disease and disease control?

STEP 5: Assignment (10 minutes)

|Activity: Take Home Assignment (10 minutes) |

| |

|DIVIDE students in groups or individuals |

| |

|ASK the students to work on the following Assignment |

|Prepare a presentation on the common terms used in disease and disease |

|control (Give examples for each term used) |

| |

|ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignments and submit |

| |

|REFER students to recommended reference |

References

Cook, G., & Zumla, A. (2003). Manson’s Tropical Diseases. (21st ed.).

London:

Saunders Ltd.

Denyer, S. P., Hodges, N. A., Gorman, S. P., & Gilmore BF (2011)

(eds.),Hugo& Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology (8th ed). Oxford:

Willey-Blackwell publishing

Eshuis J., & Manschot, P (1992).Communicable diseases, (1sted). Nairobi:

AMREF

GoT (2004).National Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Guidelines for

Healthcare Workers. Dar es Salaam: MOHSW

GoT (2013).Standard Treatment Guidelines & National Essential Medicines

List (4thed). Dar es Salaam: MOHSW

GoT (2013).National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Programme: Manual for the

management of tuberculosis and leprosy (6thed) Dar es Salaam: MOHSW

GoT (2012).National Guidelines for Management of HIV and AIDS. (4thed) Dar

es Salaam: MOHSW/NACP

GoT (2013).National Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Malaria. Dar

es salaam: MOHSW

GoT (2007).National Guidelines for Management of Sexually Transmitted and

Reproductive Tract Infections (1st ed). Dar es Salaam: MOHSW

Nordberg, E. (1999).Communicable Diseases, A Manual for Health Workers in

Sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi: AMREF

Nordberg, E., Kingondu, T., & Mugambi, E., et al. (2008).Communicable

Diseases. (4thed.). Nairobi: AMREF.

Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority (2009).Guidelines for safe disposal of

unfit medicines and cosmetic products. Dar es Salaam: MOH

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