NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04101

Policies and Guidelines on Prescribing Medicines

Dispensing • Source Session/Topic 5

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Session 5: Policies and Guidelines on Prescribing Medicines

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Prerequisites

• No

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• Define Essential Medicine and Essential Medicine List

• Identify Hospital Formulary

• Explain Tanzania National Formulary(TNF)

• Distinguish between British National Formulary(BNF) and WHO Model

formulary

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board, chalk, and whiteboard markers

• Handout 4.1 NEMLIST

SESSION OVERVIEW

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Essential Medicine and Essential Medicine List

(20 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following questions: |

| |

|What are the essential medicines? |

|What is Essential Medicine List? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

Essential medicines

• Are medicines that satisfy the priority health care needs of the

population

o They are selected with due regard to public health relevance,

evidence on efficacy and safety, and comparative cost-effectiveness

o Are intended to be available within the context of functioning health

systems

▪ at all times in adequate amounts

▪ in the appropriate dosage forms

▪ with assured quality and adequate information

▪ at a price the individual and the community can afford

The essential medicine list

• Is the list that gives information of medicines on the name, route of

administration, pharmaceutical forms and strength and indicates the

lowest level of health facility where the medicine may be available

o It aims to identify cost-effective medicines for priority conditions,

together with the reasons for their inclusion, linked to evidence-

based clinical guidelines and with special emphasis on public health

aspects and considerations of value of money.

[pic]REFER Students to Handout 5.1: Essential Medicine List

STEP 3: Hospital Formulary (30 minutes)

|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |

| |

|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 |

|minutes |

| |

|What is Hospital Formulary? |

| |

|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |

|mentioned |

| |

|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |

The Hospital Medicine Formulary

• A list consisting of the most cost-effective, safe, readily available

medicines of assured quality that will satisfy the health care needs of

the majority of the patients in the hospital.

• Formularies cover all the categories of medicines that patients needs

o Constantly revised and updated to make sure that patients receive

appropriate medications

• Before a medicine is added to or removed from the formulary, teams of

pharmacists, physicians and other healthcare professionals in the

hospital do evaluation to make sure that they are safe, work well and

are cost-effective

• These formularies can differ from one institution/hospital to another

STEP 4: Tanzania National Formulary (TNF) (20 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|What is Tanzania National Formulary? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

• Tanzania National Formulary provide guidelines which promote safe,

rational, economic and effective use of medicines in the United Republic

of Tanzania

o Concentrates on medicines listed in the NEMLIST and STG

o Users are therefore encouraged to use both books together as they

complement one another

STEP 5: British National Formulary (BNF) and WHO Model Formulary

(30minutes)

British National Formulary (BNF)

• Is a pharmaceutical reference book that contains a wide spectrum of

information and advice on prescribing and pharmacology, along with

specific facts and details about many medicines

• It is written by Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain together

with the British Medical Association and it is used in many countries

including Tanzania as a reference book.

• It reflects current best practice as well as legal and professional

guidelines relating to the uses of medicines. Contents include:

o Guidance on the drug management of common conditions

o Details of medicines with special reference to their uses,

cautions, contra-indications, side-effects, doses, and relative

costs

▪ Guidance on prescribing, monitoring, dispensing, and

administering medicines

WHO Model Formulary

• Since its first publication in 2002, the WHO Model Formulary has

become a source of independent information on essential medicines for

pharmaceutical policy-makers and prescribers worldwide.

• For each medicine, the Formulary provides information on use, dosage,

adverse effects, contraindications and warnings, supplemented by

guidance on selecting the right medicine for a range of conditions

STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)

• Essential medicines list aims at providing medicines informations of

common disease in the country based on efficacy, safety and cost-

effectiveness.

• Since prescribers and dispensers are encouraged to prescribe/dispense

medicines only when they are essential then the proper use of guides such

as EML, Hospital Formulary, TNF, BNF and WHO Model formulary are very

crucial

STEP 7: Evaluation (10 minutes)

• What is TNF, NEMList and hospital formulary?

• What are the importances of formularies when prescribing/dispensing

medicines?

References

GoT (1998). Tanzania National Formulary (1st ed.). Dar es salaam, Tanzania:

MOHSW.

GoT (2013). Standard Treatment Guidelines& National Essential Medicines

List Tanzania MainLand ( 4th ed). Dar-es-salaam, Tanzania: MOHSW.

Rice, J. (2011). Principles of pharmacology for medical assisting (5th

ed.). Boston, United States: Cengage Learning.

Roach, S. S., & Ford, S. M. (2008). Introductory clinical pharmacology (8th

ed.). Philadelphia, United States: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Taber, C. W., & Thomas, C. L. Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary (pp.

v.). Philadelphia, United States: F.A. Davis Co.

Walker, R., & Whittlesea, C. (2012). Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics

(5th ed.). Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingston/Elsevier.

|[pic] |Handout 5.1: Essential List of Medicine |

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