BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE ORO-FACIAL REGION

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The blood supply of the face is mainly by branches of the external carotid artery. External carotid artery is a branch of a common carotid artery which arise from the aortic arch. After arising from the common carotid artery the external carotid artery travels up the neck passing posteriory to the mandibular neck and anteriorly to the lobule of the ear.

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Superior thyroid artery

Lingual artery

Ascending pharyngeal artery

Facial artery

Maxillary artery

Occipital artery

Posterior auricular artery

Superficial temporal artery

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Maxillary artery supplies the deep structures of the face, while the facial artery and superficial temporal artery generally supply superficial areas of the face.

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origin

course

distribution

Facial artery

External carotid artery

Ascends deep to submandibular gland; winds around inferior border of mandible and enters face

muscles of facial expression and face

Inferior labial

Facial artery near angle of mouth

Run medially in lower lip

Lower lip

Superior labial

Run medially in upper lip

Upper lip, ala and septum of nose

Lateral nasal

Facial artery as it ascend along the nose

Passes to ala of nose

Skin on ala and dorsum of nose

Angular

Terminal branch of facial artery

Passes to medial angle of eye

Superior part of cheek and inferior eyelid

occipital

External carotid artery

Pass posterior to mastoid process

Scalp of back of head

Posterior auricular

External carotid artery

Passes posterior, deep to parotid along styloid process btn mastoid and ear

Auricle of ear and scalp posterior to auricle

Superficial temporal

Small terminal branch of external carotid artery

Ascend anterior to ear region and ends in scalp

Facial muscle and skin of temporofrontal area

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origin

course

Distribution

Transverse facial

Superficial temporal artery within parotid

Crosses face superficial to masseter and inferior to zygomatic arch

Parotid gland and duct, muscles and skin of face

Mental

Terminal branch of inferior alveolar artery

Emerges from mental foramen and passes to chin

Facial muscle and skin of face

Supra-orbital

Terminal branch of ophthalmic artery

Passes superiory from supraorbital foramen

Muscles and skin of forehead and scalp and conjunctiva

Supratrochlear

Passes superiory from supratrochler notch

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The venous system of the head and neckcollect deoxygenated blood and return it to the heart. The facial region is mainly drained by a jugular veins. There are three main jugular veins,

External

Internal

Anterior

They are ultimately responsible for the venous drainage of the whole head and neck

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Posterior auricular vein, drains the area of the scalp superior and posterior of the outer ear.

Retromandibular vein, itself formed by maxillary and superficial temporal veins which drains the face.

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Internal jugular vein. It receives blood from facial, lingual, occipital, superior and middle thyroid vein. These veins drain blood from the anterior face, trachea, thyroid, oesophagus, larynx, and muscles of the neck

Anterior jugular vein. It drains blood from the anterior aspect of the neck

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The major function of the lymphatic system is to drain body fluids and return to the bloodstream. These fluids accumulate when blood pressure causes leakage of fluids from the capillaries resulting in accumulation of fluids in the interstitial space. Lymphatic vessel drain fluids through the lymph nodes to the main trunk. There are no lymph node on the scalp and face except for the parotid/buccal. Vessels from the scalp, face and neck drains into the superficial ring of nodes – submental, submandibular, parotid, mastoid, and occipital located at the junction of head and neck.

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Lymph from the lateral part of the face and scalp including the eyelids drains to the superficial parotid nodes

Lymph from the deep parotid nodes drains to the deep cervical lymph nodes

Lymph from the upper lip and lateral parts of the lower lip drains to the submandibular lymph nodes

Lymph from the chin and central part of the lower lip drains to the submental lymph nodes

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