an

PREAMBLE,

> In studying this subject a + Elements of literature student will be exposed to different parts as listed below;~ * Form

• Meaning of literature -Plot Technique -Setting
• Origin of literature -Diction -Characters
• Man and literature * Content

© Lange ane iteranne Theme -Message -Conflict

• “Types of gees -Philosophy -Stand
• Oral/Spoken + Theories of literature

Le: -Marxist criticism

• Written literature -Feminist criticism
• dene: Historical criticism

literature -Psychoanalytic criticism © Play zs " -Biographical criticism etc

• Novel ee
• Interpreting literary works
• Pociry
• Reading progr
• Similarities between oral a ae

and written literature + List of tenis to be read

• Difference between oral + Study questions,

and written literature a

• Sample of literary
• Advantages of studying questions

literature

TO LEARN IS TO GROW”

Wedresday, September 25, 2019 ‘Taste Email: tashule@ gmail.com

I J

rr

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO LITERATURE.

1.1 Meaning of literature,

• The term literature has different meaning but here the term is used in the sense of

showing the way a person can make representation of what is taking place in the society artistically

• Thus, as Literature depicts on what people does in their daily lives, then it have some

connectedness with human life 1.2: Origin of literature,

• Literature is related to man’s development in his life because it portrays on what people

do or say. how they act, ract or behave towards their environment. 1.3: Language and literature

• Not only that but also during its presentation to the audience literature use language in

conveying the intended message, this makes people grasp the message and adopt changes, im their life,

• That isto say, literature cannot be seperated from man’s life as human being need

fascination, enjoyment and education for comfortable and better life.

• Therefore, One can define literature as a work of art which use language creatively to

represent pcople’s daily social realities

• OR. Is.a product of man’s creation through language in representing his social realities.

(Qn.l: How faris literature and language inseparable?

• During the coming lesson we will have a discussion on the types of literanure,

“Education is Liberty”. Wishing you all the best. Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' ae

1.4.0; TYPES OF LITERATURE,

• Literature has many types depending on peoples traditions, intentions and the message

that is intended to be communicated to the audicnce.

• Basing on its mode of Presentation one can categories literature into two aroups being:

Oral or Spoken Literature and Written Literature.

1.4.1.0: ORAL LITERATURE,

• Oral Literature is said ta be the first form of literature because it began existing when

human being started living together as a community with a common language for enhancing their communication.

• Thus, with language people composed songs which were influential in their working

hours

• As the time went on Oral Literature became a tool for refreshing and entertaining people

during and after work, educating as well as shaping the socicty when the need arises.

• Thus, Oral Literature has some connectedness with the human development in shaping

and improving his environment,

• That isto say, Oral Literature isa type of literature which is presented before the

audience through a word of mouth,

• OR; Isotype of literature which is presented before the audience in spoken form.
• As it has been said that Oral Literature is transmitted through a word of mouth, therefore

‘one camnot deny that Oral Literature began even before the invention of writings.

• Currently, Oral Literature exists but it is most vivid in illiterate societies.
• NB: By Oral Literature being in illiterate societies it does not mean that itis of no use

rather Oral Literature is still beneficial in imparting some quick messages.

1.4.1.A: FEATURES OF ORAL LITERATURE,

a); It is passed through a word of mouth by It involves performance like dancing, clapping hands and singing ¢); It involves both the performer and audience as both the narrator and listeners come together during the presentation Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' a Ta a oe ee ce

• Wtakes place in actual setting for instance during evening the folktales ean be handed!

at home after work, ¢): It is owned by the whole society s all society members the literate and illiterate individuals have chance to access it 4): It adopts changes depending on time and place.

2): Itivrich in characters because both human being and non-human characters are used in portraying the social realities. hy It differs from one society or generation to another as it preserved on peoples memory.

i): Ih is vich in types 3): Itusually takes o moral lesson.

1.4.1.B: CATEGORIES OF ORAL LITERATURE.

• Oral Literature is categories into different forms as it bases on the modes of presentation,

performance, setting, the themes portrayed, language used as well as form

• To mention some few categories are as explained below:-

i): Folktale. This isa type of Oral Literature whereby parents narrates stories to their children and they are passed over generations. ii); Myth- This is a type of Oral Literature which explains on the early history of a group of people, a natural event or a certain fact. For example every socicty has its myth on the creation of man.

iii): Legemd- This is the type of Oral Literature in which the old stories about famous events or people are told. These stories are not always true For example the story

of Fumo Lyongo

iv): Ameedote- This is a type of Oral Literature which tells a short amusing story ‘on what someone has done. For instance Mugabe’s frceing of Whites in Zimbabwe, Kinjekitile’s use of water in his war with Germans.

‘y): Bable- This is a type of Oral literature which takes a short story that tells on a general truth. Also, fables can partly base on fact only. Here the fable on the tortoise and the hare is a good example.

vi): Saying- This isa well known and wise statement but it usual carry the meaning which is different from the simple meanings given by the words it contains. Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' oe ae vii: Riddle. This is a puzzling question which is often 2sked to test the clevemess of the one expecting to solve it. Riddles have two parts the part ofa statement or question asked by the narrator and the part of an answer which has to be replied by the

listener. viii) Proverb- This isa short and well known sentence which is given for imparting a moral lesson or adviee. For example One finger cannot killa louse, Unity is strength, Blood is heavy than water.

ix}: Fairy tale- ‘Those arc traditional storics passed to-children. Usually these stories involve some imagery creatures and magic x): Idiom- This is a phrase which is made of words which convey a meaning which is different fom the meaning that one can get from a word when itis in its own.

For instance Kick the bucket, Pass away. bite the bullet.

1.4.1.C: ADVANTAGES OF ORAL LITERATURE.

ij: Widentify the society, i): I broadens people's thinking iii): It preserves and transmits people’s culture iv): Itethueate people ) Iteriticize people vid: It influence people vii): Itdevelops language viii): It creates employment to people ix): Tt unites people x): Itencourages people xi) It entertains people}: Qn.2: Compose a story of twenty (20) lines with an end “Unity is strength”,

• During the coming period we will use our time in studying written literature.

“Unity is strength”. Meet you next session.

1.4.2: WRITTEN LITERATURE.

• Thisis the type of literature which represents the human social realitics in written form,
• In most of African societies written literature came after the invention of writings,
• Before thet Oral literature was dominant because the societies were illiterate
• That isto say, written literature came as a product of westem education whereby clites

began writing and printing some written media as a way of eommunicating their

messages to their audience.

~~ Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' — a a a a ne

• Therefore the presence of weitten literature expands the mode of presenting social realties

to people because people becomes aware on what goes on in their societies through both the spoken and written farm,

• During the coming period we will spend our time discussing on the genres of

written literature, “Education is a weapon toward success”. Mect vou next time, ‘BYE!

1.5.0: GENRES OF WRITTEN LITERATURE,

+A genre isa term used in literature when referring to the style which involves a set of

characteristics.

• In literature genres is used to mean the categories of written literature which have some

set of differing characteristies.

• Therefore, the term genre is French in origin, which denotes types or classes of literature
• Written literature has three genres being Play, Novel and Poetry

1.5.1: PLAY/DRAMA,

• A Play is a piece of writing which is designed in the way that it can be acted on stage

before the audience.

• OR: Iris piece of writing which is intended to be acted in a theatre

1.S.1.A: Features of Play. They are short “They have some illustrations on top the cover -They have few Characters They take spectacles -They encompass music -They have stage direction ~~ Weiinesday, September 35, 2019 ‘©Tashule 2019 1 Email: tzshule®gmail.com ' a They take few events, They are told in dialogue They divide events into acts and scenes

15.LB: ELEMENTS OF DRAMA.

Any successful drama bas six elements namely Thought/Theme /Idea, Action or Plot; Characters, Language ordiction, Music or melody and Spectacle.

• Thought/Theme/Ideas,
• This is what the play means. A theme can be clearly stated in the tite
• Sometimes it can be stated through dialogue by a character who acts as the

playwright’s voice,

• On the other hand a theme may be identified after some study or thought.
• Thus, themes are abstract or underlying meaning, issues and feelings that grow

‘out of the dramatic action.

• Action/Plot,
• This deals with events of play.
• Teooks at the way events happen in a play
• The plot used in plays must have some sort of unity and clarity by setting up a

pattern ftom which each action initiate the next act.

• Usually the plot of a play shows the way characters are involved in conflict that

‘grows from bottom to a top with a certain pattern of movement,

• In most cases the action and movement of any play begin from an initial

‘entanglement named exposition, through rising action, then climax, falling action at last to resolution.

• Characters,
• These are people presented in the play in order to peruse the plot
• Every character who is involved in a play can have his or her own distinet

personality, age, appearance, belief, socio-economic background and language

• Therefore through the way characters are involved ina play is where a reader can

refuse or aecept them basing on the way and what represent Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' a

• Language.
• This deals with word choices made by the playwright and the enunciation of the

aciors of the language:

• ‘The Language and dialogue used by the characters helps in moving the plot and

action ofthe play slong.

• Every playwright can create his or her own specific style in relation to the

language one chooscs when establishing characters and dialogue.

• Therefore; this element foctses on the Way Words are Ghisen and arranged by in

‘order to suit the subject matter portrayed

• Music.
• Music ean encompass the rhythm of dialogue and speeches in a play
• Itcan also mean the aspects of the melody and music compositions as with

musical theatre

• Each theatrical presentation delivers music, rhythm and melody in its own

distinctive manner,

• Music is not a part of every play. But, music can be included to mean all sounds

ina production.

• Music can expand to all sound effects, the actor’s voives, songs and instrumental

music played as underscore ina play

• Music ereates patterns and establishes tempo in theatre
• Inthe aspects of the music the songs are used to push the plot forward and move

the story to a higher level of intensity

• Composers and lyricist work together with playwrights to strengthen the themes

and ideas of the play.

• Character’s wants and desires can be strengthened for the audience through lyrics

‘and music.

• Spectacle.
• The spectacle in the theatre can involve all ofthe aspects of scenery, costumes

and special effects in a production.

• These are visual elements of the play ereated for theatrical event.
• That isto say, these are qualities determined by the playwright in order to create

the world and the atmosphere of the play before the audience's eye. Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' ae

15.L.C: TYPES OF DRAMA.

• Drama consists of different types as explained below:-

4): Tragedy drama- This isthe type of drama which takes some serious events. In most cases the main character or hero of this drama ends in suffering, danger or death making the play have sad ending.

b): Comedy drama- This is the type of drama which consists of some amusing, funny and humorous cvents which always makes the audience laugh. ©): Tragicomedy drama- This is the t¥pe of drama which consists of both sad and amusing events. In this drama the main character or hero comes across different hardships but docs mot end! in death, ): Historical drama- This is the type of drama which portrays on the history of a

certain society. This drama also takes some elements of both the tragedy and comedy ddrama however the main character or heto does not end in danger &): Melodrama- This isthe type of drama in which characters involved show some stronger emotions than a usual human being can do, In most cases this drama is aimed for entertainment

1.5.2.0: NOVEL AND SHORT STORY.

• A Novel isa prose fiction with a considcrable length taking some fictional or imaginary

characters and events. In most cases novels are very long, when they become short are

called Novella 1.5.2.1: Features of a Novel, They are long They take some illustrations on top of the covering paper “They are sequential stories. “They are divided into chapters They are told in monologue -They take many characters -They take many events (Qn.3: Choose one topic of your interest then compose either a play or novel of not more than twenty lines.

-During the coming period we will spend our time discussing on poetry. “Self determination is a bridge to true dreams”. Happy to meet you, keep on studying hard. BYE! Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' a

1.53.0: POETRY

• Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to

evoke meaning in portraying the human social realities

• Onthe other hand, Poetry isthe type of literature which uses beautiful, creative and

imaginary language in portraying human daily social realities

• Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretation to words or to

evoke emotive response.

• In poetry the deviees suich as assonanée, alliteration, ofiomatopeicia and rhythm are

sometimes used to achicye musical or incantatory effects.

• Also, in poetry the use of ambiguity, symbolism irony and other'stylistic elements of

poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations

1.5.3.4: FEATURES OF GOOD POETRY.

i): It is rich in figures of speech. iif: It evokes emotions, i): This made of verses and stanza, iv): fis made in rhymes and rhythms, ‘yj Itmeant to be sung vi}: It gives moral lessons.

1.5,3.B: TYPES OF PORTRY.

• Poems can be categorizes kasing on their forms and content. Basing on forms, one can

divide them into traditional or closed poetry and modem or open poetry

• With traditional poetry refers to those poems which adhere strictly to the traditional rules

of composing poems like rhyming, schemes, rhythmic patterns, equal number of syllables, verses and stanza

• Coming to modem poetry refers to poems which ignores the structural patterns of

composing poems. These poems are also called the free verse posms

• Under content the division of poetry bases on what the particular poem addresses to the

audience. Some of such categories are:- Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' ere a): Narrative poetry- This is genre of poetry that tells a story b): Descriptive poetry- This isthe type of poetry which tells on what someone or something is like, ©): Lyrie poetry- These ore poems which expresses personal deep thoughts and feelings, 4): Elegy poetry- An clegy is a mournful, melancholy or plaintive poem, especially a lament

forthe dead or a funcral song. These are sad and sorrowful poems which are sung mainly for remembering someone who has deal ©): Sonnet poetry- This is the type of poetry which is made of fourteen lines with a particular pattern of rhyme.

f}: Ode poetry- These are poems which express the writer's thoughts and feelings about a person or a certain subject. -Itis a long lyric poem that is serious in subject and treatment, elevated in style, and elaborative in its stanza structure 2): Ballad poetry- This isthe type of poetry in which the poems tells a story with deep feelings.

hi): Epie poetry- These are long poems which deal with a historical subject. -It isa long verse narrative om a serious subject, told ina formal and clevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, oF the human race: i): Dramatic poetry- This is kind of drama which is written in verse to be spoken or sung

1.53.C: IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN THE STUDY OF POETRY

-In the study of poetry one may meet with different terms as discussed bellow:- i}: Poetry- This isthe art of composing or collecting poems ii); Poem. This isa piece of writing in Versé and stanza form which express deep feelings in a beautiful language.

ii): A verse- This isa single line ina poem. This line forms a stanza or a part of stanza, iv}: Stanza- This is the combination or collection of verses, Stanza can also form a poem or be a part of « posi.

+): Poet- This is a man who compose poems. vi): Peetess- This is @ woman who compose poems Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' SS _— er. ee vil): Persona- This is a person who speak in the poem. Sometimes persona is called dramatist.

vii: Rhyme- These are similar sounds which appears atthe terminal points either across or at the end of each line of the poem. ix): Rhythm. These are regular movements of beats occurring in the poem as the result ofthe rising and falling of sounds, x); Refrain- This is the repeated line which appears atthe end of each stanza in the pocm.

xi): Tone- This refers to the quality of voice which is used in the poem depending on the message to be conveyed before the audicnce, xii): Mood- This refers to the state of mind ofa reader which comes after reading poem.

xiii) Title-This refers to the name of the poem: Some poems take ironical names from which the reader ean identify the meaning of such poems. xiv). Theme- This refers to the central idea which is conveyed in the poem.

xv). Meessage- This refers to the lesson that one build after reading a poem. xvi), Poetic license- This refers to the freedom that poets and postess has in violating some facts and grammatical rules when composing pooms.

xvii): Imagery- This is the figure of speech which creates mental pictures through ‘words. Pocms are rch in this figure of speech as it appeals through senses like touch, seeing, smell, taste, sound as well as kinesthetic xvii): Symbolism. This isa figure of speech which use objects in presenting ideas.

xix): Poetic diction- This refers to the way words are chosen and arranged esthetically in poems to portray human reality Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' ae

1.5.3,D: HOW TO INTERPRET A POEM

-In order to analyze any poem well one should adhere to the following procedures:- 2): Look and observe at the poem careful- This helps in identifying the number of verses and stanza that forms jt. Also, through this one can understand whether the poem is traditional or modem, Read the whole poem earefil ¢): Re-read the poem carefully while identifying the difficulty words used init 4): Find the meaning of difficulty words used in the poem.

©): Re-read the poem carefully relating the meaning of difficulty words to the context of the poem. £}: Ask yourself on what the poem is all about? 2); Identify the themes portrayed in the poem 1): Comment on the mood of the speaker i; Identify the messages found in the poem.

_j): Comment on the poetic diction employed in the poem. bi Relate the poem read to you personal and national life experience. Qn.4: By using your experience gained in the study of literature, explain on features which make poctry differ from other genres of literature.

‘Study guide. -Prepare some samples of poems from the selected texts, -Through guiding questions lead students in groups of five to exercise interpreting the poems chosen.

• During the coming session we will spend or discussion on the

similarities and differences between oral and written literature. “The root is biter but its fruits are sweet”. Happy to meet you. BYE! Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' a

1.6: RELATIONSHIP PRESENT BETWEEN ORAL AND WRITTEN LITERATURE.

4): Both portray on human social realities >): Both use language as its medium of communication ©): Both consists of two elements that i form and content 4): They perform similer functions like educating, developing language and uniting people.

1.7: DIFFERENCE PRESENT BETWEEN ORAL AND WRITTEN LITERATURE,

ORAL LITERATURE. WRITTEN LITERATURE.

= Itis presented orally. = Itis presented through writings. = Ihis preserved in memory. = Iti preserved in writings like novels and plays, = It involve performance. – No performance rather reading.

• It adopt immediate changes ~ Does not adhere to immediate changes rather

improving the coming edition. = It is rich in types, = Ithas few types. It is rich in characters, It is limited to human characters.

• Its owned by the whole community. _—_- It is owned by the author.

= It is old in age. -It is young in age. ~The performer and audicnee come ~ The writer and the reader stay separable. togcther during the presentation. = Itdevelops the speaking and listening – It develops the writing and reading skills skills Qu.5: “Oral and written literature are inseparable” Show the truth of this statement by giving two examples per each reason.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' Fr a studying literature. Happy to meet you. BYE!

1.8: ADVANTAGES OF STUDYING LITERATURE

i: It identity the society. iy Ie broadens people's thinking iv} It educate people ‘It riticize people vi): Itinfluense people vii It develop language vii): Ttentertain people ix}: I umite people

• encourage people

xxi); It create employment to people Saul guide. [A-Select some samples of songs then guide students to identify the

advantages of each song.

B:-Guide students to read some sample of stories, -Lead students pairs to relate the stories read to their personal or national life

• In the coming lesson we will use our time discussing on the

"Wednesday, September 25, 2019 etashule 2019 , Email huleegmaticom rr

1.9.0. ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE.

-Any literary work is made of two elements named form and content. To begin with form itis discussed bellow:~

1.9.1: FORM,

This isthe principle that déterminies how a'work isiordered atid Organized. Also one can say that itis the superstructure ofa literary work. Form consists of five sub parts which 1): Plot or sequence- This refers to the way events and actions ina literary work has been rendered and ordered toward achieving particular artistic and emotional effects.

A literary work can be ordered from beginning coming to the middle and the end. ~The beginning initiates the main action in a way which makes us look forward to something more; the middle presumes what has gone before and requires something to follow: and the end follows from what has gone before but requires nothing more.

Usually audience feel satisfied when the plot is complete. b): Style oF technique- This refers to the way of doing something. In literary works style refers tothe manner of linguistic expression from which literary artists want to say whatever they want to portray before their audience.

• In most eases literary works are presented in either dialogue or monologue

techniques however there are other techniques which can be used by literary artists in order to effect their messages to audience. That is to say "form" isnot simply a fixed container like a bottle into which the “content” or "subject matter" of a work is poured but beyond this.

Jn.6: Explain on the seven techniques that authors use when composing thei literary works, ¢} Setting- This refers to the general locale historical time, and social circumstances in which events and action of literary work occurs, happens or takes place ~The setting involved in a literary work can be actual or hypothetical depending on the intention of the artist of a work at hand. -Usually the setting employed in a literary work has

something to communicate. It can be the status of characters, time as well asthe state of the event portrayed as has sad or happy ending,

Wednesday, September35,2019

STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' a To ae nC 4): Charaeters- are the persons represented in a literary work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say or do and their distinctive ways of saying and doing things.

These are human beings, animals or other objects that are used by literary artists in theit works to represent human traits, behaviors and actions. ~The process of assigning different roles to be played by characters involved in a literary work is called characterization, In fiterary works characters can be identified from

• What they think.
• What they say
• What they do.

+The way they behave,

• What others say about them.

‘+ What the author says about them.

Characters involved in a literary work can be grouped as major and minor characters

however there are types of characters basing on the role they play ino literary work. Qn.7: Explain on the types of characters used by authors in literary works basing the roles they play.

• Inthe coming period we will discuss on the fifth sub-element of form called

DICTION or LANGUAGE USE. Best wishes. ); Language use oF dietion- This refers to the choice and arrangement of words in a literary work in order to achieve special effects to audience

Language used in literary work can easily the understanding of a work at hand or limits

people's understanding of the work especially when an elevated language is employed in it Alls, the language used in litsrary work beautifics the work and attracts the audience in accessing the messages portrayed init Apart from that, the language used in literary work differ from that we use in our ordinary conversation. This comes because of the use of idioms, proverbs, riddles as well as Wednesday, September 25, 2019

STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' foe oe a employing it figueatively leading to departure from the standant order or what users of a language apprehend as the standard meaning of words.

Thus, from the figurative language employed in literary works audience are exposed to different styles of using language depending on the content and setting at hand

FIGURES OF SPEECH

• Figures of specehtThese ate words which are Used whien referrinig to one thing in term of

another artistically. They are expression which uses words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning. -Some examples of the figures of speech are:- i): Simile- This is direct comparison between two diferent things being indicated by words “like” or “as”. For example:-Janeritha is beautiful like a red vose -Hiji is as greedy as hyena.

-Heer gown is shining like gold. ii): Metaphor- This is the direct comparison of two unlike things without using the word “like” This is an expression which transfers the scmantic meaning by describing a person or object in a literary way.

-Itis an expression which describes a person or object by referring to something which is considered to possess similar characteristics without asserting a comparison, For example:-Tudy is snake -Halidi is chameleon, They are donkey.

iii: Personification- This isa figure of speech Which provides animals, objects and other inanimate things with attributes of doing and behaving as human being, -Itisa figure of speech in which cither an inanimate object oran abstract concept is spoken of as though it were endowed with life or with human attributes or feclings.

For example:-An elephant called a meeting for the horn animals, -Antelopes were singing and dancing joyful ~The forest was threatening all the passer-by. Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' Po od en ee TT iv): Euphemism. This is figure of speech which uses words and phrases that avoids saying some abusive and offensive words For example:- The have left for a short call Our judge has passed away or kicked the bucket (Our judge has died)

‘Hanna isin a family way (Halima is pregnant) \V): Hyperbole- This is figure of speech which exaggerates the reality of things. -It is. figure of speech which makes someone or something sound bigger, better and greater than its reality For example:~The forest of diseases has weakened my health.

‘The million of hands has elected him a Village Chairman, Hyperbole is sometimes called overstatement where by things and concepts are described as important or serious than they real are.

Vil: Its opposite is understatement in which the reality of things are diminished or reduced and made small or loss important than they real are. For instance:-She is resting in the ward for a month now.

They closed their eyes offcholera, -He has been hurt by a cobra Vil): Litotes- This isa special form of understatement a figure of speech which is the assertion of an affirmative by negating its contrary.

For instance:-He's not the brightest man in the world (He is stupid) They will not fail this match (They will win) ~The plot is not expensive (It is cheap) Vili): Imagery- This is 2 figure of speech which uses words in creating menial picture. In most ceases images with word can be ereated in appeal to senses of sound, touch, taste, seeing, smell as well as kinesthetic For example-Her hands are tender to touch -Her eyes can destroy any body.

Her teeth are white as milk. ix): Symbolism. This isa figure of speech in which objects are used in represonting different idcas. For example:-An owl Evil spirits ~A black cloth- Sadness -Arelcloth- Danger -Dog- Safety xi): Irony- This isa figure of speech which uses words that suggests its opposite in meaning

Wednesday, Sepiember35,201I0-——

STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' Y= ee Et. . CC -Itis.a figure of speech which uses words that hides its meaning in onder to achieve a certain effeet. For example:-You are good at yourself.

-He is good physician; he scored 05 in atest. Irony can be identified being in form of satire and sareasm whereby some expressions are used when one intends at criticizing people or ides in a humorous way xii): Tautology- This is a figure of speech whereby some words are repeated in order to achieve some special effects, For instance:-Why? Why? Why/aré you beat hit”?

-No! No! No! This book is mine. “Hey! Hey! Hey! Hurry up! xili): Rhetorical question- This isa figure of speech in which a direct question is asked without requesting information or inviting a reply, but to achieve a greater expressive force than a direct assertion, It is a question which is asked without demanding an answer.

For example:-Wow! Halima, are you still hor? “Abdala. I's you! Hey! She has stolen, isn't it? xiv): Archaism. This refers to the use of words which are not in use any more. It refers to the use of abusive words in literary works, For example:-Son ofa bitch why are you following me.

Stupid! Away from me xy): Barbarism- This refers to the use of other language different from the one employed in a literary work. For example:-You are lost dada, Since uhuru- we have poor social services.

xvi): Pun- This refers to the playfil use of words which are either identical or similar in sounds inorder to comey different meaning For example:-Developmént Building the nation Eat more xvii); Metonymy- This refers to the way something is referred by words especially that describes the quality or feature of that thing.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' Y _ = A Se. ~This refers to the way one thing is applied to another with which it has become closely associated because of a recurrent relationship in common experience For example'-Ikulu (President) Palace (King) xviii): Symeedoche- This is a figure of speech whereby a part of something is used to signify the whole. For example:-Kilimanjaro/Nile (Arica)

-White house (America) -Nkuruma (Ghana) xix): Paradox- This isa figure which is made of a statement consisting of two opposing or contradictory ideas or facts. xX): Oxymoron. This isa figure of speech which is made of two words that have or seem to have opposite meanings. For example:-Pleasing pains Jealous friend Hateful love xxi): Enjambment- This is a figure of specch which is common in pocms whereby some words of the previous line are carried to the next lin.

For example~To leam isto grow, Growing to success, “Success of our dreams, -Dreams of our future, -Wow! Leaming makes dreams true. xxii), Analogy- This isa figure of speech which is used whest making comparison between things which have similar features. [tis mostly used to help in explaining a principle or idea For instance:-We will speak, now my pumpkin is aching (head) -She will not attend because of her pump felt (heart)

xcaii): Allusion- This is a figure of speech which makes a direct reference to a person, book, place or event that is very well known, This is a figure of speech which passes reference without explicit identification to a literary or historical person, place and event to another literary work or passage.

For cxample:- I have a dream today ~This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh Leo mmepanda basi la maka, Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' Y_ =. ete xxiv): Onomatopoeia- This isa figure of speech which is made by words that suggests the sounds made by objects. For example: -Hiss -Buzz -Rattle -Bang Qn.8: How far is the language used in literary works differ from that we use in our

ordinary conversation? Study guide Assign students with a sample of story to read and comment on the language used.

• During the coming session we will introduce ourselves on the second element of

literature named Content. Happy to meet you. Bye!

1.9.11: CONTENT,

This rofers to what is said in a literary work.

Content in literature deals with the ideas that arc contained in a particular work. This element

consists of five parts namely theme, message, conflict, philosophy and stand. a), Theme(s}- This is the main, central idea or subject that is portrayed in a certain literary work -In most ofthe A rican literary texts the reader can meet with Affican traditions, colonialism, liberation, dictatorship, modernism 2s well as cultural conflicts as themes.

Thus, any literary work has a single theme but it is built by other subjects in order to effect the intended message to the audience b): Message(s)- This is the lesson that an individual obtain after reading a certain literary work -Itis the most important idea that we get from the literary texts we read, For instance after reading a certain text onc can learn that:- -As far asthe time changes some Aftican traditions like early marriage, polygamy, forced

marriage, women circumcision and inheritance of wives arc to be left as they cndanger our health, Sacrifice, unity and solidarity are very important tools towards people's total liberation struggle Study guide, Provide students with sample of stories to be read.

-Guide students in groups of five cach to identify themes portrayed in the story read. -Lead student pairs to identify the lessons that can be obtained from the story read. ~~ Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' a (Qn.9: Read the story below then answer the questions that come after it; That evening all the young people sat together in the old hut of Ngusulu. Ngusulu arrived and welcomed them kindly. Then he began to tell a story. The story was on the first Man and

woman of the land that God had given to them. “God gave the Man and the Woman the Land”. God said, “This Land I hand over to you, O man and women, It is your duty to keep and look after it forever". There was a strange light in Ngusulu’s eyes as he spoke. When he told this story, he forgot that his friends were waiting him so that they ean go to the second village for paying pride price for his wife to be.

\Winfrinda; his favorite sister listened catefilly at the story of the beginning of the word, She wished to be stood next God and see all the Land. At last Ngusulu cried out, “But where does our land goes!”

QEUSTIONS

i), Name any three (3) seitings involved in he story ii), dentify any five (5) characters involved in the story iii) By giving one (1) example; mention any six (6) themes portrayed in the story.

iv). Outline any five lessons you have leamed from the story. C: Conflict- This isthe active disagreement between people or groups of pcople who have some opposing ideas, beliefs, opinions, interests, principles or feelings, The conflicts arising in literary work helps much in the development of their plot.

This comes from the way one conflict calls for the coming of another event. Thus, making the events portrayed in literary work have a cause-effect relationship. -Also, with conflicts portrayed in a literary work the reader is hooked at following the events until the end of the story ‘This comes because of the reason that the disagreement shown builds suspense making the reader create desire of knowing on what and how the next event. will happen.

The conflicts which are portrayed in literary Wotks'can be categorized into different groups as discussed below = i}: Eeonomie conflict: This is the type of conflict from which characters are portrayed differing in interests, opinions, beliefs and ideas because of having some ambitions over a certain economic wealth. For instance some people or societies can be shown fighting over land or property ownership.

ii): Political conflict- This is the type of conflict from which characters are shown in disagreement which is resulted fom ambition of power, misuse of power or diciatorship. For

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instance the ruling party ean be shown in dissgreement with the opposing parties or Citizens ean be shown opposing their government. iii: Social conflict- This isthe type of conflict in which characters from a certain class can be shown opposing the other class. For instance onc can identify that the poor are opposing the rich, Peasants are against pastoralists, elites are against illiterates and traditionalists are against

modernists iv): Family conflict- This is the type of conflict in which characters who are family members are shown diffcring in ideas: interests, opinions as well as thoughts, For instance onc can reveal that parents are against children, One family is against another Family, Brothers are against sisters as well as Wives being against their husbands, \): Personal contflict- This is the type of conflict in which a character is portrayed regretting

upon his or her act, choice or decision. Personal conflict can casily be identified as the character isin dilemma over some matters 4): Philosophy- This term is used in literature to mean the author's belief on the work he or she has wrote to the audience.

-In most cases authors belicves that as people reads their works, they can come up with new ways of approaching their daly lives “That is to say, authors write their works with an open eye of imparting good morals and best ways of attaining good living among and between people.

Thu, reading literary works it has not to be underestimated because it exposes readers to some new and different living experiences. ¢) Stand This term is used in literature when referring to the author’s opinion upon his or her work. For instance in most of the tasks written by women they portray on the possibility of attaining sexual equality while in male authored tasks women are shown as weak, dependent, obedient and submissive to their husbands

Wednesday, September 25, 2019 STzshule 2019 1 Email tashule®gmatl.com ' rr (Qn.10; Read the story below then answer the questions that come after it. The same day in some late evening Mkalayena and his brothers left to the river. Being on the way Vinikute told his brothers, “My brothers! Why don’t we rest here for some minutes?” Bahati looked at Mkalayena cowardly. “Why do you give me that look” Mkalayena asked. "Do you want fo kill me?” He added. “Worry not Bahati iam joking. ! know you love me. Aficr all

you are my relatives. If anyone plans to harm me i am assured that you will defend my life” Mkalayena finished speaking while coming close to Bahati. They all smiled. As Mkalayena Finished speaking Vinikute was possessed with some strong thoughts. “I is true that Mkalayena is our brother. He is our blood. Afterall we are proud of him. He is the only educated boy in our family. Yes! To the village as well: Mnimmnh! There is no need to touih this innocent blood!”

Bahati interrupts Vinikute's thoughts as he comes in with another idea, “My brothers! It is better if'we rest under that shaded tree”. Vinikute looked at Mkalayena and they all agreed.

‘After some minutes tinder the shaded tree Vinikute broke their silence. He said, “My brothers! Will you listen to my story while resting?” Bahati and Mkalayena replied fondly. “Wow! Tell it". Vinikute began by saying, “Once upon a time there was a man who married a woman, Unfortunately his wife stayed longer without getting children. The man became sad. His wife advised him to marry the second wife. She promised to care all the children as hers. Her

husband opposed the idca but his wife insisted and proposed the family and the woman that her husband was to marry. At last the man agreed. He married as his wife proposed. The second wife bore four children, She began despising the eldest wife that she was unfertile, This woman felt had. She eried bitterly. She began consulting her gods. At last she got a baby boy. She named him *Msuke’ meoning that, “The child has been asked from gods”, From this moment the woman

became very respectful, People’s fect were not lasting at her home, At last the sevond wife became jealous. She made a plan and killed the eldest wife. While planning to kill the eldest wife's son some people revealed the secret. The son being of value they saved him and later he became a very important person to his family and the whole society.” Bahati and Mklayena looked very sad when Vinikute went on narrating his story. At lat

Vinikute finished narrating the story by saying, “my story ends here”.

QEUSTIONS.

i), Name any three (3) settings involved in the story. ii), dentify any five (5) characters involved in the story iy, Kdemtify the plot used in telling the story iv). Outline the techniques which has been used in the story \). Comment on the language used in the story vi). By giving one (1) example; mention any six (6) themes porirayed in the story

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