Respiratory system disorders

Common Disorders of the Respiratory System

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Common Respiratory System Disorder

List Common Respiratory System Disorders

• Explain the Common Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Explain the Common Disorders of the Lower Respiratory Tract

What are the common disorders/infections of respiratory systems?

Common Disorders of the Respiratory System

Respiratory disorders and infections:

A medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, It includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer

Upper respiratory tract infections

• Common cold
• Pharyngitis
• Epiglottitis
• Rheumatic fever
• Diphtheria
• Lower respiratory tract infections
• Bronchiolitis (in young children)
• Pneumonia
• Pertussis (whooping cough)
• Tuberculosis
• Obstructive lung (pulmonary) disease (OPD)
• Acute bronchitis

Acute asthma

Chronic obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• Chronic Bronchitis (bronchiectasis)
• Emphysema
• Chronic asthma
• Vascular disorders which are:
• Pulmonary oedema

Pulmonary emboli

What are the common disorders of upper respiratory system?

Common Disorders of the Upper Respiratory System

Upper respiratory tract infections are probably the most common infections in the world

• Pharyngitis
• It is an inflammation of the throat or pharynx.

It is often referred to as a sore throat.

Acute pharyngitis can result in very large tonsils which cause trouble swallowing and breathing.

Some cases are accompanied by a cough or fever.

Most acute cases are caused by viral infections, bacterial infections, fungal infections, or irritants such as pollutants or chemical substances.

Epiglottitis

A very rapidly progressive infection causing inflammation of the epiglottis and tissues around the epiglottis The infection is usually caused by bacteria and is contracted through the respiratory tract Rheumatic fever

An inflammatory disease that may develop two to three weeks after bacterial(streptococcal) infection It is common in children

• Diphtheria

It is an acute bacterial disease that usually affects the tonsils, throat, nose or skin.

What are the common disorders of lower respiratory system?

Common Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System

Bronchiolitis

• Inflammation of the bronchioles due to infections especially viral
• More prominent in individuals with asthma history and cigarette smoking
• Pneumonia
• Inflammation of lung with accompanying fluid build up
• Much of pneumonia seen clinically is caused by bacteria (Streptococcus Pneumonia).
• Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is most common to immune compromised patients

Pertussis

Pertussis, commonly known as "whooping cough," is an infection of the respiratory tract caused by bacteria

Tuberculosis

• Is caused
• It can be inactive or active
• It is most prominent to HIV/AIDS patients and other immune compromised patients.
• Is more characterised by chronic cough and night sweats
• Obstructive lung (pulmonary) disease (OPD)
• Cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and asthma belongs to OPD
• Both may cause obstruction and inflammation

Asthma

Periodic episodes of reversible bronchial obstruction in people with hypersensitive airways Histamine and leukotriene released from mast cells due to allergens like dust and cigarette smoke are the main cause

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

• Is the irreversible progressive obstruction of air flow in lungs
• Includes:
• Chronic Bronchitis (bronchiectasis)
•  Chronic inflammation of mucus membrane

 This results in a chronic, deep, productive cough  It is due to long term smoking, certain environmental factors such as textile dust fibers  Sometimes is due to complication of CF and TB Emphysema

•  Permanent & irreversible destructive disease of alveolar
•  Is due to any chronic lung condition e.g. pollution
• Chronic asthma
•  Irreversible bronchial obstruction

Lung cancer

Vascular disorders which are:

Pulmonary oedema

 Fluid collection (oedema) in all lung tissues which affects gas exchange and lung expansion Pulmonary emboli

 Clot of foreign matter that occludes artery in pulmonary system impact.

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common infections in the world

• Upper respiratory tract infections include pharyngitis and epiglottitis
• Lower respiratory tract disorders are:
• Bronchiolitis
• Pneumonia
• Pertussis
• Tuberculosis

Key Points

Define common disorder of respiratory system

• Identify common disorders of upper respiratory tract
• Identify common disorders of lower respiratory tract
• List organs of lower respiratory system

evaluation

What are the common disorders of the lower respiratory system??

assignment