Anatomy of reproductive Organs

Anatomy of reproductive Organs

Female Reproductive System

• Is made up of the internal and external sex organs
• The female reproductive system consists of the:
• Internal genitalia which include:
• Paired ovaries
• Fallopian tubes
• Single uterus
• Vagina AND
• External genital structures (vulva) which include:
• Clitoris

Labia majora and minora

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Bartholin‘s glands

Ovaries

The ovaries are a pair of oval structures on either side of the uterus in the pelvic cavity (with size approx. 3.5 cm in length, 2 cm wide, and 1 cm thick) Within an ovary are several hundred thousand primary follicles, which are present at birth and later matures to become ova Fallopian /uterine tubes or oviduct

There are two fallopian tubes(oviducts) The lateral end of a fallopian tube encloses an ovary, and the medial end opens into the uterus. They are line by ciliated columnar Epithelium. Parts of Oviduct include isthmus,Ampulla and Infindubilum (contains fimbriae) !!Fertilization takes place in oviduct (ampulla)

Anatomy of reproductive Organs

Isthmus=narrowed part of a structure. There are two isthmuses. The one is between the body of uterus and cervix and the other is the first medial part of fallopian tube.

Uterus

The uterus is shaped like an upside-down pear, superior to the urinary bladder and between the two ovaries in the pelvic cavity

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Uterus….

It is divided in to fundus (upper part), body/corpus (central part),Isthmus and cervix (lower part) Layers of uterus (from innermost-outermost):

Endometrium- inner lining and consists of glandular cells (simple columnar epithelium) that make secretions and undergoes cyclic shedding during menstruation It forms the maternal portion of the placenta during pregnancy

Anatomy of reproductive Organs

The myometrium is the smooth muscle layer during pregnancy these cells increase in size to accommodate the growing foetus and contract for labour and delivery at the end of pregnancy.

Perimetrium: consists of Subserosa tissue

Vagina

The vagina is a muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the vaginal orifice The vaginal opening is usually partially covered by a thin membrane called the hymen which ruptures after sexual intercourse The functions of the vagina are to receive sperm from the penis during sexual intercourse, To provide the exit for menstrual blood flow, and To become the birth canal at the end of pregnancy.

External genitals (Vulva)

Clitoris

Is a small mass of erectile tissue anterior to the urethral orifice. The only function of the clitoris is sensory. It responds to sexual stimulation.

Labia majora and minora

Are paired folds of skin which covers the urethra and vagina openings and prevent drying of their mucous membranes Bartholin‘s glands

They secrete lubricant which keep the vagina moist during sexual intercourse.

Male reproductive organs

• They include:
• Testes
• Epididymis
• Dactus deferens (vas deferens)

Ejaculatory ducts

…..

• Seminal vesicles
• Prostate gland
• Bulbourethral (Cowper‘s) glands

Urethra-penis

Testes

• The testes are located in the scrotum, a sac of skin between the upper thighs.
• Internally is divided in to lobes

Each lobe contains several seminiferous tubules where spermatogenesis takes place.

The testes are surrounded by three layers of tissues which are (outer-inner layer)

• Tunica vaginalis
• Tunica albuginea

Tunica vasculosa

Cells of testis

sertoli cells which produce inhibin hormone when stimulated by testosterone Leydig cells: produce Testosterone is responsible for maturation of sperm and secondary male characteristics

Epididymis

• It is a tube about 6m long that is coiled in the posterior surface of each testis.

Within it the sperm complete the maturation and their flagella become functional.

…

• Smooth muscle of the wall of epididymis propels the sperm to dactus deferens

Dactus deferens (vas deferens)

Extends from the epididymis in the scrotum on its own side into the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal

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Spermatic cord is a connective tissue sheath that contains the ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels(Cremasteric artery,Testicular artery, artery to vas deferens & pampinifom venous plexus), and nerves, [well discussed in inguinal canal session]

Ejaculatory ducts

Each of the two ejaculatory ducts receives sperm from the ductus deferens and the secretion of the seminal vesicle on its own side.

Both ejaculatory ducts empty into the single urethra

Seminal vesicles

The paired seminal vesicles are posterior to the urinary bladder

Their secretion contains fructose to provide an energy source for sperm and is alkaline to enhance sperm motility.

The duct of each seminal vesicle joins the ductus deferens on that side to form the ejaculation duct

Prostate gland

• A muscular ,walnut-shaped gland just below the urinary bladder

It surrounds the first inch of the urethra as it emerges from the bladder The glandular tissue of the prostate secretes an alkaline fluid that helps maintain sperm motility.

The smooth muscle of the prostate gland contracts during ejaculation to contribute to the expulsion of semen from the urethra

Bulbourethral (Cowper‘s) glands

They are located below the prostate gland and empties to the urethra Their alkaline secretion coats the interior of the urethra just before ejaculation, which neutralizes any acidic urine that might be present.

Urethra

The urethra is the last of the ducts through which semen travels, and its longest portion is enclosed within the penis.

Anatomy of reproductive Organs

The penis is an external genital organ; its distal end is called the glans penis and is covered with a fold of skin called the prepuce or foreskin which is removed by surgical procedure of circumcision Within the penis are three masses of cavernous (erectile) tissue by which the flow of blood to these masses through arteries cause penile erection.

Structure of sperm