Urine dipstick test

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Is the physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine.

It can include variety of tests that detect and measure various compounds that pass through urine using a single sample of urine.

Urinalysis is one way to find certain illnesses in their earlier stage, they include;

Kidney disease

Liver disease

diabetes

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A dipstick is the one of several measurement device.

Some of dipsticks are dipped into a liquid to perform a chemical test or provide a measure of quantity of the liquid.

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Physical: macroscopic appearance of the urine; includes color, turbidity and presence/absence of foam.

Chemical: determination of elements or compounds in urine using a commercially produced reagent strip.

Microscopic: the examination of urine sediment using a microscope.

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Overall health assessment.

For routine medical examination

Medical diagnosis…

for those expecting symptoms including abdominal pain, back pain, frequent or painful urination and blood in urine.

Medical monitoring

Following the diagnosis of kidney disease to tract both condition and treatment/ diabetes.

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Urine is examined to detect diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract as well as metabolic diseases of the body, such as diabetes.

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The physical properties of urine refer to its characteristics that can be observed without the need for laboratory analysis. These properties provide valuable information about the overall health and hydration status of an individual.

The following are the main physical properties of urine;

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Color: The color of urine can vary widely depending on factors such as hydration, diet, medications, and underlying health conditions. Normal urine color ranges from pale yellow to deep amber. Clear urine may indicate overhydration, while darker urine may suggest dehydration or the presence of certain substances or blood.

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Clarity: Clarity refers to the transparency or cloudiness of urine. Normal urine is typically clear or slightly cloudy. Cloudy urine may indicate the presence of protein, white blood cells, bacteria, or other substances, which can be indicative of urinary tract infections or other medical conditions.

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Odor: The odor of urine can vary depending on factors such as diet, hydration, medications, and underlying health conditions. Normal urine has a mild odor, but certain foods, medications, or medical conditions can cause changes in odor. For example, asparagus can cause a distinctive odor in urine, while urinary tract infections may produce foul-smelling urine.

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Volume: Urine volume refers to the amount of urine produced over a certain period, typically measured in milliliters (ml) or liters (L). The normal daily urine output for adults is approximately 800 to 2000 ml, although this can vary depending on factors such as fluid intake, activity level, and environmental conditions.

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Foam: The presence of foam or bubbles in urine can vary and may be influenced by factors such as urine flow rate, protein content, and agitation during urination. Excessive foaming or persistent foaming may indicate the presence of protein in urine, which can be a sign of kidney disease or other medical conditions.

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Cont….

Specific gravity

PH

Protein

Leucocytes

Nitrates

Blood

Ketones

Glucose

Bilirubin

Urobilinogen

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Urine is observed for colour, turbidity and foam prior to chemical and microscopic examination.

It is also tested qualitatively using chemical strips for pH (potential of hydrogen ions; measurement of acidity or alkalinity), protein (substance composed of smaller components called amino acids), glucose (simple sugar produced by the metabolism of carbohydrates), ketones (products of fat metabolism), blood, bilirubin (breakdown product of hemoglobin), and urobilinogen (breakdown product of bilirubin).

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The presence of any of these substances in urine is abnormal and indicates that the person may have kidney or other disease. Then, microscopic examination is performed after centrifugation for cells, casts, crystals, amorphous phosphates, bacteria, and parasites

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Through chemical and microscopic analysis of urine specimen, information about the body’s metabolic functions may be obtain.

This aids in the evaluation of renal, urinary and metabolic disorders.

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Urine dipsticks: commercially available – singly or in combination, for detecting pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin and urobilinogen in urine.

Coloured atlas, diagrams, and pictures.

Grease pencil/lead pencil.

Disposal bucket.

Gloves.

Pipette.

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Immersing the urine strip completely in a well mixed sample of urine for a short period of time.

The extracting it from the container and supporting the edge of the strip over the mouth of container to remove excess urine.

The strip is then left to stand for the time necessary for reactions to occur(usually 1 to 2 minutes)and finally the color that appear are compared against the chromatic scale provided by the manufacture.

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The results should always be recorded into the patients,notes and /or the admission proforma.

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