PST05103 Pharmaceutical Microbiology

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Introduction to Streptococci Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 7: Introduction to Streptococci Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • List characteristic of the medical Staphylococci Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 15 minutes|Buzzing/ |Characteristics of Streptococci | | | |Presentation | | |3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Classification of Streptococci | |4 |5 minutes |Presentation |Human Streptococcal Pathogens | |5 |10 minutes |Presentation |Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of | | | | |Streptococcal Infections | |6 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 7|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Characteristics of Streptococci (15 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the characteristics of Streptococci? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points | |not mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Streptococci belong to the genus Streptococcus • Streptococci are Gram positive, non motile, non spore forming cocci that grow in pairs or in chains • They lose their Gram-positive character as the culture grow old • Most are facultative anaerobic but some are obligate anaerobic • Most require enriched media (e.g. blood agar) for their growth • All Streptococci are catalase negative (this distinguish them from Staphylococci which are catalase positive) i.e. Streptococci cannot break down hydrogen peroxide • Streptococci exhibit various degree of red blood cells haemolysis. o Complete haemolysis –β-haemolytic streptococci o Partial haemolysis –α-haemolysis o No haemolysis –γ-haemolysis STEP 3: Classification of Streptococci (15 minutes) • Based on Haemolysis of red blood cells o Three different types of streptococci are initially differentiated by their appearance when they are grown on sheep blood agar ▪ β-haemolytic streptococci • Produce zones of clear haemolysis around each colony ▪ α-haemolytic streptococci • produce partial haemolysis or show green discoloration resulting from incomplete haemolysis ▪ γ-haemolytic streptococci (also known as the Viridans Streptococci) • they are non-haemolytic. • Based on the presence of a specific carbohydrate in their cell wall, streptococci are subsequent classified into Lancefield groups A through H and K through T • Viridans streptococci form a separate group that is difficult to classify by the Lancefield grouping method • In the Lancefield classification, enterococci were initially included among the group D streptococci but now have been classified as a separate genus [pic] Refer students to Figure 9.1: Medically important Streptococci for detailed information on the classification of various Streptococci into Lancefield classification STEP 4: Human Streptococcal Pathogens (5 minutes) • Various members of the Streptococci are normal flora of humans and other animals • Some Streptococci are pathogenic to humans causing acute and chronic diseases • Some pathogenic Streptococci include; o Streptococcus pyogenes o Streptococcus pneumoniae o Streptococcus agalactiae -causes neonatal disease o Viridans streptococci ▪ S. sanguis ▪ S. mutans ▪ S. milleri STEP 5: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Streptococcal Infections (10 minutes) • Pathogenic Streptococci cause diseases that range from subacute to acute or even chronic • In humans, diseases associated with the streptococci occur chiefly in the respiratory tract, bloodstream, or as skin infections • Most significant human diseases caused by streptococci are scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, glomerulonephritis, and pneumococcal pneumonia • The most significant streptococcal pathogen is S. pyogenes, which is beta-hemolytic and in Lancefield group A and is thus denoted as group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS)???? o The most common acute diseases due to GABHS are ▪ Pharyngitis (or sore throat) ▪ Skin infections such as impetigo, cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis o In addition, delayed, nonsuppurative complications (rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis) sometimes occur ≥ 2 weeks after infection • Disease caused by other streptococcal species is less prevalent and usually involves soft-tissue infection or endocarditis (Some non-GABHS infections occur predominantly in certain populations (e.g. group B streptococci in neonates and postpartum women) • GABHS can spread through the affected tissues and along lymphatic channels (causing lymphangitis) to regional lymph nodes (causing lymphadenitis) • GABHS can also cause local suppurative complications, such as peritonsillar abscess, otitis media, sinusitis, and bacteremia • Suppuration depends on the severity of infection and the susceptibility of tissue. • Other serious GABHS infections include septicemia, puerperal sepsis, endocarditis, pneumonia, and empyema • Streptococcal infections are transmitted through contact, droplets, food or formites • Portal of entry for the infections are generally the skin or pharynx • Children are predominantly affected for cutaneous and throat infections • Systemic infections and progressive sequela are possible if local infections are left untreated STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes) • Streptococci are gram positive spherical bacteria (cocci) that occur in chain • Streptococci are catalase negative • Streptococci are classified by their ability to haemolyse red blood cells and presence of specific carbohydrate in their cell walls • Pathogenic streptococci cause a variety of infections due to direct invasion of tissues and toxin-mediated infections • Many skin infections caused by Streptococci are also caused by Staphylococci. STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes) • How are streptococci classified? • How do streptococci differ from staphylococci? Figure 9.1: Medically important Streptococci [pic] Source: Medical Microbiology. 4th edition. Baron S, editor. Galveston (TX): University of Texas

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Skin Infections Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 8 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 8: Staphylococcal and Streptococcal Skin Infections Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe common bacterial diseases (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of common staphylococcal and streptococcal diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 30 minutes|Presentation |Impetigo | |3 |25 minutes |Presentation |Folliculitis | |4 |20 minutes |Presentation |Farunculosis | |5 |15 minutes |Presentation |Erysipelas | |6 |10 minutes |Presentation |Cellulitis | |8 |10 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 7|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Impetigo (30 minutes) • Cause o Impetigo is a superficial skin infection with crusting or bullae caused by Streptococci, Staphylococci, or both. o Impetigo is commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus o It affects the subcorneal layer of the epidermis with characteristic honey-colored serous crusts. Ecthyma is an ulcerative form of impetigo o Impetigo commonly occurs in school children, usually starting on the face, especially around the mouth or nose o Impetigo may be bullous or nonbullous ▪ Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant cause of nonbullous impetigo and the cause of all bullous impetigo ▪ Bullae are caused by exfoliative toxin produced by staphylococci • Signs and Symptoms o Nonbullous impetigo typically manifests as clusters of vesicles or pustules that rupture and develop a honey-colored crust (exudate from the lesion base) over the lesions o Bullous impetigo is similar except that vesicles typically enlarge rapidly to form bullae. The bullae burst and expose larger bases, which become covered with honey-colored varnish or crust o Ecthyma is characterized by small, purulent, shallow, punched-out ulcers with thick, brown-black crusts and surrounding erythema o Impetigo and ecthyma cause mild pain or discomfort o Pruritus is common, scratching may spread infection, inoculating adjacent and nonadjacent skin • Management o Remove crusts ▪ Washing with water and soap o Wet dressings with; ▪ Potassium permanganate 1:40000 (0.025%) solution ▪ 0.5% GV paint o Topical therapy (Mupirocin 2%, Fusidic acid, Retapamulin o Systemic antibiotics (if systemic symptoms e.g. pyrexia are present) ▪ Penicillins ▪ Macrolides • Main preventive measure is personal hygiene STEP 3: Folliculitis (25 minutes) • Cause o It is the inflammation of the hair follicle which may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites. o Bacterial folliculitis is usually caused by Staphylococcus aureus and occasionally Pseudomonas aeruginosa ▪ The bacteria enter the hair follicle and cause inflammation • Signs and Symptoms o Mild pain, pruritus, or irritation o Superficial pustule or inflammatory nodule surrounding a hair follicle o Infected hairs easily fall out or are removed, but new papules tend to develop o Deep follicular inflammation often occurs in the bearded areas of the face (Sycosis barbae) • Management o Avoiding suspected irritants o Antiseptics o Topical antibiotics (Neomycin, gentamycin, tetracyclines or mupirocin) o Systemic antibiotics (in systemic manifestations) ▪ Penicillinase resistant penicillins ▪ Clindamycin (topical –lotion or gel) ▪ Cephalosporins • Cephalexin • Main preventive measure is personal hygiene STEP 4: Furunculosis (20 minutes) • Cause and Manifestations o Farunculosis is deep follicular infection that starts as a firm red nodule which rapidly becomes painful and fluctuant in a few days o Furunculosis form furuncles (or boils) that are skin abscesses caused by staphylococcal infection. o Furuncles involve a hair follicle and surrounding tissue o A cluster of furuncles forms a carbuncle. Carbuncles are clusters of furuncles connected subcutaneously, causing deeper suppuration and scarring. o Furuncles are common on the neck, breasts, face, and buttocks o They are uncomfortable and may be painful when closely attached to underlying structures (e.g., on the nose, ear, or fingers) o Appearance is a nodule or pustule that discharges necrotic tissue and sanguineous pus. Carbuncles may be accompanied by fever and prostration • Management o Usually resolves spontaneously, but improved by placing hot compresses over the boil until it breaks o Incision and drainage o Antibiotics (those effective against MRSA) ▪ Clindamycin ▪ Linezolid ▪ Daptomycin ▪ Flucloxacillin ▪ Macrolides e.g. erythromycin STEP 5: Erysipelas (15 minutes) • Cause and Manifestations o Erysipelas is a bacterial infection of upper half of dermis with lymphatic vessel involvement, caused by Group A β-haemolytic Streptococci (rarely by Group C, G and B) o The disease occurs most frequently on the legs and face o Erysipelas begins as a small break in the skin or umbilical stump (infants) o The affected area has growing redness, accompanied by high fever and pains o Erysipelas is characterized clinically by; ▪ Shiny, raised, indurated, and tender plaques with distinct margins ▪ High fever, chills, and malaise • Management o Rest o Lifting affected part o Antiseptics ▪ Potassium permanganate solution 1:4000 o Topical antibiotics ▪ Mupirocin o Systemic antibiotics ▪ Penicillins • Phenoxymethylpenicllin • Amoxycillin ▪ Macrolides • Erythromycin o In recurrent erysipelas treatment should be prolonged (10 to 14 days) STEP 6: Cellulitis (10 minutes) • Cause o Cellulitis is acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci (S. pyogenes) or staphylococci (S. aureus) o Cellulitis is a deep inflammation and involves lower half of dermis and subcutaneous tissue o Cellulitis differ from erysipelas by; ▪ Raised, sharply demarcated margins from uninvolved skin ▪ Indistinct borders – acute cellulitis and accompanied with systemic symptoms • Signs and Symptoms

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Diseases Caused by Staphylococcal infection and Toxin Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 9 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 9: Diseases Caused by Staphylococcal infection and Toxin Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe common bacterial diseases (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of common toxin mediated staphylococcal infection diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 15 minutes|Presentation |Staphylococcal Food Poisoning | |3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Toxic Shock Syndrome | |4 |15 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Syphilis | |5 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 6|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Staphylococcal Food Poisoning (15 minutes) • Cause and Transmission o Staphylococcal food poisoning is caused by ingesting food containing a preformed heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin o Food can be contaminated by staphylococcal carriers or people with active skin infections o In food that is incompletely cooked or left at room temperature, staphylococci reproduce and elaborate enterotoxin o Many foods can serve as growth media, and despite contamination, they have a normal taste and odor o Common food products are meat, fish, milk or milk products • Signs and Symptoms o Incubation period is 1-8 hours after ingesting contaminated food o Severe nausea and vomiting o Abdominal cramps and diarrhea o Resolves in 24 hours • Treatment and Prevention o Treatment ▪ Symptomatic • Adequate fluids • Rest o Prevention ▪ Refrigeration of food ▪ Hygienic handling of food STEP 3: Toxic Shock Syndrome (15 minutes) • Cause and Transmission o Toxic shock syndrome is a rare, life-threatening complication of certain types of bacterial infections o Often toxic shock syndrome results from toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus ▪ Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) o Group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) also produce toxin that causes toxic shock syndrome ▪ Streptococcal toxic shock o Disease occurs following production of exotoxin by the bacteria infecting a wound or colonizing a device or tampon in the body (vaginal tampons or tampon to control nose bleeding) o TSS may also occur following staphylococcal or streptococcal soft tissue infections. The toxin enters bloodstream through skin/mucosal break or via the uterus o Toxic shock syndrome can affect anyone including men, children and postmenopausal women o Women who have preexisting staphylococcal colonization of the vagina and who leave tampons or other devices such as contraceptive sponges or diaphragms in the vagina. o Also, skin wounds and surgery are risk factors for staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome • Signs and Symptoms o Onset of Toxic Shock Syndrome is sudden, with ▪ Fever (39 to 40.5° C, which remains elevated) ▪ Hypotension (which can be refractory) ▪ A diffuse macular erythroderma ▪ Multiple organ dysfunction (involvement of at least 2 other organ systems) o Staphylococcal TSS is likely to cause vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, mucositis, hepatic damage, thrombocytopenia, and confusion. ▪ Staphylococcal TSS rash is more likely to desquamate, particularly on the palms and soles, between 3 and 7 days after onset o Streptococcal TSS commonly causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy, and hepatic damage and is more likely to cause fever, malaise, and severe pain at the site of a soft-tissue infection o Renal impairment is frequent and common to both. The syndrome may progress within 48 h to syncope, shock, and death. Less severe cases of staphylococcal TSS are fairly common • Treatment and Prevention o Local measures ▪ Decontamination • Decontamination includes re-inspection and irrigation of surgical wounds even they appear healthy • Repeated debridement of devitalized tissues • Irrigation of potential naturally colonized sites (sinuses, vagina) o Fluid resuscitation and circulatory support ▪ Fluids and electrolytes are replaced to prevent or treat hypovolemia, hypotension, and shock o Empiric antibiotic therapy ▪ Clindamycin plus vancomycin ▪ Daptomycin ▪ Beta lactamase resistant penicillin e.g. nafcillin, Oxacillin o Preventive measures ▪ Frequent change of tampons ▪ Hygienic wound care ▪ Debridement of infected site STEP 4: Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (15 minutes) • Cause and Transmission o Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) is an acute epidermolysis caused by a staphylococcal toxin o Infants and children are most susceptible o Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is caused by coagulase- positive staphylococci which produce a toxin (exfoliatin or epidermolysin) that separate the upper part of epidermis from underlying tissue o The primary infection often begins during the first few days of life in the umbilical stump or diaper area ▪ In older children, the face is the typical site ▪ Toxin produced in these areas enters the circulation and affects the entire skin. • Signs and Symptoms o The initial lesion is usually superficial and crusted o Within 24 hours, the surrounding skin becomes painful and scarlet, changes that quickly spread to other areas o The skin may be exquisitely tender and have a wrinkled tissue paper–like consistency o Large, flaccid blisters arise on the erythematous skin and quickly break to produce erosions o Blisters are frequently present in areas of friction, such as intertriginous areas, buttocks, hands, and feet o Intact blisters extend laterally with gentle pressure (Nikolsky sign) o The epidermis may peel easily, often in large sheets o Widespread desquamation occurs within 36 to 72 hours and patients become very ill with systemic manifestations (e.g. malaise, chills, fever) o Desquamated areas appear scalded o Loss of the protective skin barrier can lead

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Pharyngitis Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 10 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 10: Pharyngitis Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe common pharyngitis (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of pharingitis Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |15 minutes |Presentation |Cause and Transmission Pharyngitis| |3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Pharyngitis | |4 |15 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Pharyngitis | |5 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 6|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Pharyngitis (15 minutes) • Pharyngitis (or sore throat) is an inflammation of the pharynx involving lymphoid tissues of the posterior pharynx and lateral pharyngeal bands • Pharyngitis can be caused by bacterial, viral and fungal infections as well as noninfectious etiologies such as smoking • Most cases are due to viral infections and accompany a common cold or influenza. • Type A coxsackie viruses can cause a severe ulcerative pharyngitis in children (herpangina), and adenovirus and herpes simplex virus, although less common, also can cause severe pharyngitis • Pharyngitis is a common symptom of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections. • Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus or Streptococcus pyogenes is the most important bacterial agent associated with acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis o These bacteria attach the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Pharyngitis (15 minutes) • Pharyngitis usually presents with a red, sore, or “scratchy” throat • Discomfort or pain in the throat, especially in the morning • Sensation of foreign body in the throat • An inflammatory exudate or membranes may cover the tonsils and tonsillar pillars o Cough • Vesicles or ulcers may also be seen on the pharyngeal walls • Depending on the pathogen, fever and systemic manifestations such as malaise, myalgia, or headache may be present • Anterior cervical lymphadenopathy is common in bacterial pharyngitis and difficulty in swallowing may be present. STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pharyngitis (15 minutes) • Symptomatic treatment e.g. Paracetamol to control fever is recommended for viral pharyngitis • The exception is herpes simplex virus infection, which can be treated with acyclovir if clinically warranted or if diagnosed in immunocompromised patients • The specific antibacterial agents will depend on the causative organism, but penicillin G is the therapy of choice for streptococcal pharyngitis • Warm saline gargle (especially in the morning) is also useful to sooth and relieve discomfort • Mycoplasma and chlamydial infections respond to erythromycin, tetracyclines and the new macrolides • \Preventive measures include personal hygiene STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the pharynx involving lymphoid tissues of the posterior pharynx and lateral pharyngeal bands • Pharyngitis can be caused by bacterial, viral and fungal infections as well as noninfectious etiologies such as smoking • Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus or Streptococcus pyogenes is the most important bacterial agent associated with acute pharyngitis and tonsillitis • Pharyngitis usually presents with a red, sore, or “scratchy” throat STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is sore throat? • How is sore throat treated? • How is pharyngitis transmitted? References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingston ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Pneumonia Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 11: Pneumonia Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe common cause of pneumonia (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of common bacterial diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |20 minutes |Brainstorming/|Introduction to Pneumonia | | | |Presentation | | |3 |10 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia | |4 |15 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Pneumonia | |5 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 6|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Introduction to Pneumonia (20 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What is pneumonia? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond? | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Pneumonia causes inflammation in the alveoli of one or both lungs. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. • Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, aspiration and chemicals (chemical pneumonia) • Bacterial pneumonia is the most common type of pneumonia. o The common causative organisms for pneumonia are bacterial (e.g. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycoplasma pneumoiae) viral or parasitic e.g. Pneumocystis jirovecii o Streptococcal pneumonia is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae • Aspiration pneumonia is lung infection caused by inhaling mouth secretions, stomach contents, or both –these contents usually contain microorganisms • Chemical pneumonitis is lung irritation caused by inhalation of substances toxic to the lungs • Pneumonia can be community acquired or hospital (nosocomial) acquired o Community acquired pneumonia is the type of pneumonia that is acquired outside hospital settings o Hospital acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after hospital admission but that was not incubating at the time of admission. • Pneumonia is transmitted through respiratory droplets, aspiration of particles containing microorganisms into the lungs or inhalation of chemicals into the lungs which cause irritations (and hence inflammation) of the lung tissue • Pneumonia has different clinical presentations in children and in adults • In children pneumonia is classified into no pneumonia, pneumonia and severe pneumonia depending on age, rate of breathing and presence of chest in-drawing STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia (10 minutes) • The important clinical features are o High fever 39°C o Chills o Dry or productive cough o Central cyanosis o Respiratory distress o Chest pain and tachypnea o Chest in-drawing (in children) STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Pneumonia (15 minutes) Treatment • General management o Oxygen therapy o Lowering fever e o Bronchodilators • Medications o Antibiotics ▪ Penicillins • Benzyl penicillin • Ampicillin • Amoxicillin • Cloxacillin ▪ Aminoglycosides • Gentamycin ▪ Other antibiotics • Clindamycin • Chloramphenicol Preventive and control measures • Immunization • Practicing Good hygiene • By avoiding or stopping to smoke STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Pneumonia causes inflammation in the alveoli of one or both lungs. The alveoli fill with fluid or pus, making it difficult to breathe. • Pneumonia is caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, aspiration and chemicals (chemical pneumonia) • Streptococcal pneumonia is caused by S. pneumonia STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is pneumonia? • Mention the types of pneumonia • How is pneumonia treated? • How is pneumonia prevented? References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingstone ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Neisseria, Gonorrhoea and Meningococcal Meningitis Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 12: Neisseria, Gonorrhoea and Meningococcal Meningitis Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe common bacterial diseases (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of common bacterial diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 25 |Presentation |Characteristics of Neisseria | | |minutes | | | |3 |10 minutes|Buzzing/ |Cause and Transmission of | | | |Presentation |Gonorrhoea | |4 | |Small group |Signs and Symptoms of | | |15 minutes|discussion/ |Gonorrhoea | | | |Presentation | | |5 |10 minutes|Brainstorming/ |Treatment, Prevention and | | | |Presentation |Control of Gonorrhoea | |6 | |Presentation |Cause and Transmission of | | |15 minutes| |Meningococcal Meningitis | |7 |10 minutes|Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of | | | | |Meningococcal Meningitis | |8 |20 minutes|Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and | | | | |Control of Meningococcal | | | | |Meningitis | |9 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | |5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | |10 | | | | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Characteristics of Neisseria (25 minutes) • The genus Neisseria belongs to the family Neisseriaceae • The typical Neisseriae are gram-negative, nonmotile, kidney-shaped diplococci • The neisseriae grow best under aerobic conditions, but some grow in an anaerobic environment. o Most neisseriae oxidize carbohydrates, producing acid but not gas, and their carbohydrate patterns are a means of distinguishing them ▪ N. gonorrhoeae does not oxidize maltose (only oxidizes glucose) but N. meningitides does o They are oxidase positive • Some neisseriae are normal inhabitants of the human respiratory tract, rarely if ever cause disease, and occur extracellularly • Medically important Neisseria are; o Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococci), which causes gonorrhoea o Neisseria meningitidis (meningococci) which causes Meningococcal meningitis o Both are typically found associated with or inside polymorphonuclear cells • Gonococci and meningococci are closely related (70% DNA homology) o Meningococci have polysaccharide capsules but gonococci do not o meningococci rarely have plasmids but most gonococci do o Meningococci typically are found in the upper respiratory tract and cause meningitis, but gonococci cause genital infections STEP 3: Cause and Transmission of Gonorrhoea (10 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the cause and transmission of gonorrhea? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae • The disease is transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person and from an infected mother to the baby during delivery • Gonococci attack mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract, eye, rectum, and throat, producing acute suppuration that may lead to tissue invasion • The infection may progress to the epididymis • In women, primary infection is in the endocervix and entends to the urethra and vagina. It may progress to the uterine tubes and cause salpingitis, fibrosis and obliteration of the tubes. Infertility occurs in 20% of women with gonococcal salpingitis STEP 4: Signs and Symptoms of Gonorrhoea (15 minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) | | | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | | | |What are the signs and symptoms of gonorrhoea? | | | |ALLOW few students to respond? | | | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • Female are usually asymptomatic but may have the following signs and symptoms; o Most infections are asymptomatic o Cervicitis ▪ Abnormal vaginal discharge, intermenstrual bleeding, dysuria, lower abdominal pain, or dyspareunia ▪ Mucopurulent or purulent cervical discharge, easily induced cervical bleeding ▪ At least 50% of women with clinical cervicitis have no symptoms o Urethritis ▪ Dysuria however, most women are asymptomatic • Ii male Incubation period is commonly 2-5 days and the following are common signs and symptoms; o Typically, purulent or mucopurulent urethral discharge (Yellow, creamy pus from the penis) o Often accompanied by dysuria o Urethral infection in men can be asymptomatic o Symptoms associated with epididymitis ▪ Unilateral testicular pain and swelling ▪ Infrequent, but most common local complication in males ▪ Usually associated with overt or subclinical urethritis • Gonococcal bacteremia leads to skin lesions (especially hemorrhagic papules and pustules) on the hands, forearms, feet, and legs and to tenosynovitis and suppurative arthritis, usually of the knees, ankles, and wrists STEP 5: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Gonorrhoea (10 minutes) • Treatment o Antibiotics ▪ Fluoroquinolones e.g. ciprofloxacin ▪ Cephalosporins e.g. ceftriaxone ▪ Macrolides e.g. Azithromycin or Tetracyclines e.g. doxycycline should be added if chlamydial infection is not ruled out. • Prevention and control o Avoiding multiple sexual partners o Early diagnosis and treatment o Mechanical prophylaxis e.g. condoms o Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum is prevented by local application of 0.5% erythromycin ophthalmic ointment or 1% tetracycline ointment to the conjunctiva of newborns STEP 6: Cause and Transmission of Meningococcal Meningitis (15 minutes) • Meningococcal meningitis is a serious bacterial infection that causes inflammation of the layers (meninges)

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Introduction to Microbiology Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Introduction to Microbiology Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define terms used in microbiology • Explain the history and development of microbiology Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | |Presentation |Terminologies used in | | |10 minutes | |Pharmaceutical Microbiology | |3 |35 minutes |Presentation |History and development of | | | | |microbiology | |4 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | |5 |5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Common Terminologies Used in Pharmaceutical Microbiology (10 minutes) • Microorganisms o Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to be seen by naked eyes o Microorganisms include viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and algae. • Microbiology • Microbiology is the study of microorganisms which must be viewed with the aid of a microscope or electron microscope • Pharmaceutical microbiology o This deals with the study of microorganisms of pharmaceutical importance • Bacteriology o Is the study of bacteria • Mycology o Is the study of fungi • Protozoology o Is the study of protozoans • Virology o Is the study of viruses STEP 3: History and Development of Microbiology (35 minutes) • 1660’s Robert Hooke observed microorganisms for the first time with a microscope and coined the term “cell”. • 1632-1723 Anton van Leeuwenhoek credited with having observed the first bacteria. • 1828-1898 Ferdinand Cohn developed the first classification scheme based on bacteria shape. Cohn detailed and described the life cycle of Bacillus. Cohn’s Classification System: o Sphaerobacteria are spherically shaped. o Microbacteria are rod shaped o Desmobacteria are filamentous o Spirobacteria are spiral shaped • 1822-1895 Louis Pasteur Defined pasteurization to prevent spoilage of food by bacteria, develop vaccines and disproved the scientific dogma of “Spontaneous Generation”. He defined “Germ Theory” and demonstrated that germs were responsible for disease. • 1843-1910 Robert Koch identified anthrax and developed agar growth medium. Koch’s postulates was a systematic method to establish the microbial cause of disease. • Ignaz Semmelweis was the first to recognize the need for good hygiene during medical procedures. The first to identify nosocomial infections. • 1827-1912 Joseph Lister developed antiseptic methods for use in surgery and medicine. • 1854-1915 Paul Ehrlich developed chemotherapy to cure infectious diseases and discovers antibiotics to treat sleeping sickness and syphilis. • 1881-1951 Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and lysozyme. • 1864-1920 Dmitri Ivansvski discovered the first virus which is known as the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). • 1952 Hershey & Chase Experiments identified that DNA was the genetic material of bacteriophages. • Hershey Case Experiment: using phage radioactively labeled with P32 (DNA) or S35 (protein) they infected bacteria cells. They found the P32 inside the bacteria not S35. STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • Microorganisms are minute living things that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. • Microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms • Pharmaceutical microbiology is the scientific study of microorganisms of pharmaceutical importance STEP5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is a microorganism? • What is the difference between microbiology and biology? • Who is the father of microbiology? • Give important land marks in the history of microbiology References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingstone Next Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Anthrax and Bacillus Food Poisoning Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 14 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 14: Anthrax and Bacillus Food Poisoning Total Session Time: 120 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Anthrax and bacillis food poisoning (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of common bacterial diseases Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 | 25 minutes|Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Anthrax | |3 |5 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax | |4 |25 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Anthrax | |5 | |Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Bacillus| | |25 minutes | |Food Poisoning | |6 |15 minutes |Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Bacillus | | | | |Food Poisoning | |7 |10 minutes |Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Bacillus Food Poisoning | |8 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 9|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Anthrax (25 minutes) • Anthrax is a serious infectious disease caused by spore-forming, gram- positive, rod-shaped bacteria Bacillus anthracis • Anthrax is a disease of animals. However, man is infected directly through contact with infected hides or inhalation of spores in the lungs or ingestion of infected meat. • There three forms of anthrax; cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax and intestinal anthrax o A cutaneous anthrax infection enters the body through a cut or other lesions on the skin o Gastrointestinal anthrax is acquired by consumption of undercooked meat from an infected animal o Inhalation anthrax enters the body inhalation of anthrax spores. It is the most deadly form of anthrax and even with treatment, it is often fatal. STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax (5 minutes) • Signs and symptoms • Clinical presentation of depend on the route of entry. • Entry through scratches on the skin • Cutaneous anthrax infection in humans shows up as a boil-like skin lesion that eventually forms an ulcer with a black center. • The black center is known as and eschar, papule or malignant pustule often shows up as a large, painless necrotic ulcer. • It begins as an irritating and itchy skin lesion or blister that is dark and usually concentrated as a black dot at the site of infection. Cutaneous infections generally form within the site of spore penetration between 2 and 5 days after exposure and is usually painless. • Black central necrosis, extensive oedema and painless swelling are the late signs. • • Entry through inhalation • -Respiratory infection in humans initially presents with cold or flu- like symptoms for several days, followed by severe respiratory collapse.. • -Serious respiratory distress (pneumonia) are the late symptoms. • -Shock due to internal haemorrhage may also occur. • • Entry though ingestion • – Gastrointestinal infection in humans is most often caused by eating anthrax-infected meat and is characterized by serious gastrointestinal difficulty, • – Vomiting of blood, severe diarrhea, acute inflammation of the intestinal tract, and loss of appetite. • – Fever and sepsis in the GIT are the late signs. STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Anthrax (25 minutes) • Many antibiotics are effective against anthrax in humans, but treatment must be started early. o Penicillins ▪ Benzyl penicillin ▪ Phenoxymethylpenicillin o Macrolides ▪ Erythromycin o Fluoroquinolones ▪ Ciprofloxacin o Tetracyclines ▪ Doxycycline • Prevention and control measures include; o Disposal of animal carcasses by burning or by deep burial in lime pits o Decontamination (usually by autoclaving) of animal products o Protective clothing and gloves for handling potentially infected materials o Active immunization of domestic animals with live attenuated vaccines. o Immunization of persons at risk STEP 5: Cause and Transmission of Bacillus Food Poisoning (25 minutes) • Bacillus food poisoning is a disease caused by toxins produced by Bacillus cereus in foods • Bacillus cereus is a spore-forming, Gram positive bacillus that belong to the genus Bacillus • Food poisoning caused by B. cereus has two distinct forms, o Emetic type ▪ Which is associated with fried rice, milk, and pasta ▪ The toxin is preformed and indigested with food o Diarrheal type ▪ which is associated with meat dishes and sauces ▪ it is due to the production of heat labile enterotoxins during growth of vegetative cells in the small intestine of the host STEP 6: Signs and Symptoms of Bacillus Food Poisoning (15 minutes) • Emetic type o Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally diarrhea o It is self-limiting, with recovery occurring within 24 hours o It begins 1–5 hours after ingestion of emetic toxin in the contaminated food products • Diarrheal type o The incubation period is1–24 hours o Profuse diarrhea with abdominal pain and cramps STEP 7: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Bacillus Food Poisoning (10 minutes) • Most people recover without treatment. • The administration of fluids and electrolytes is recommended if the diarrhea or vomiting is severe. • Antibiotics are not indicated as the symptoms are caused by the toxins and not the bacteria. Antibiotics may however, reduce toxin production in the diarrhea type. • Preventive and control measures include: o Proper handling of food by ensuring that ▪ Food is maintained either at a temperature above 60°C or refrigerated below 4°C ▪ Cooked foods that is not immediately consumed is cooled to below

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Tetanus Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 15 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 15: Tetanus Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Describe Tetanus diseases (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment prevention and control of tetanus Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |15 minutes |Presentation |Cause and Transmission of Tetanus | | |15 minutes |Buzzing/ |Signs and Symptoms of Tetanus | | | |Presentation | | |3 |15 minutes |Presentation |Treatment and Prevention of | | | | |Tetanus | |4 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 5|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Tetanus (15 minutes) • Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease caused by an exotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. Tetanus can occur in adults, children and in neonates. • Tetanus is transmitted through wounds contaminated with spores of the bacteria. • Neonatal Tetanus is acquired through the umbilical stump o Usually occurs through introduction of tetanus spores via the umbilical cord during delivery through the use of an unclean instrument to cut the cord, or after velivery by “dressing” the umbilical stump with substances heavily contaminated with tetanus spores. • Tetanus toxin (Tetanospasmin) binds to receptors on the presynaptic membranes of motor neurons and is transported to the spinal cord and brainstem where it blocks the release of inhibitory glycine and Gamma aminoburyric acid (GABA). • The motor neurons are therefore not inhibited resulting in continuous stimulation. • Extremely small amounts of toxin can be lethal for humans. • Hyperreflexia, muscle spasms, and spastic paralysis result. STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Tetanus (15 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) | | | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | | | |What are the signs and symptoms of Tetanus? | | | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | | | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | • The incubation period of Tetanus may range from 4 to 5 days up to 3 weeks. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms differ depending on the form of tetanus affecting the patient. There are about three forms of the disease Generalized tetanus is the most common type of tetanus, representing about 80% of cases. The first sign of generalized form is trismus, or lockjaw, and the facial spasms called risus sardonicus, followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, and rigidity of pectoral and calf muscles. Other symptoms include elevated temperature, sweating, elevated blood pressure, and episodic rapid heart rate. Local tetanus is an uncommon form of the disease, in which patients have persistent contraction of muscles in the same anatomic area as the injury. The contractions may persist for many weeks before gradually subsiding. Local tetanus is generally milder; only about 1% of cases are fatal, but it may precede the onset of generalized tetanus. Cephalic tetanus is a rare form of the disease, occasionally occurring with otitis media (ear infections) in which C. tetani is present in the flora of the middle ear, or following injuries to the head. There is involvement of the cranial nerves, especially in the facial area. Death usually occurs due to exhaustion. STEP 4: Treatment and Prevention of Tetanus (15 minutes) Treatment • Supportive Therapy o Nursing the patient in the dark, quiet room to avoid unnecessary external stimuli which can trigger spasms o Protecting the airway o Thorough cleaning of the site of entry (wound/umbilicus), leaving it exposed without dressing o Pain management with Paracetamol (via NGT) as the spasms can be very painful o Maintenance of fluid balance and nutrition (via NGT) ▪ Use of the IV/IM route should be avoided as injections can trigger spasms o Sedation • Medications used o To prevent further absorption of toxin from the wound ▪ Human tetanus immunoglobulin ▪ Antibiotics • Amoxycillin • Metronidazole o To control spams and contractions ▪ Diazepam ▪ Chlorpromane ▪ Phenobarbitone Prevention • Immunization with Tetanus o Childhood immunization with Tetanus Toxoid (TT) o Immunize women of reproductive age (in pregnancy or outside pregnancy) • Hygienic practices when caring for wounds and during delivery STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes) • Tetanus is a very dangerous disease caused by an exotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani. • The disease occurs both in adults and neonates. In neonates it is called neonatal tetanus. • Transmission of tetanus is through contaminated wounds or umbilical stumps • Treatment involves supportive to control muscle contractions and provision of antibiotics and sedatives • Tetanus is prevented by vaccination and hygienic practices when caring for wounds STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What are the treatment options for Tetanus? • What is neonatal tetanus? • Who is at risk of acquiring tetanus? References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingstone ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05103 Diphtheria Pharmaceutical Microbiology • Source Session/Topic 16 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 16: Diphtheria Total Session Time: 60 minutes Pre-requisites • Human anatomy and physiology Students Learning Tasks By The End Of This Session Students Are Expected To Be Able To: • Describe Diptheria (causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms) • Describe treatment, prevention and control of Diptheria Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |15 minutes|Presentation |Cause and Transmission of | | | | |Diphtheria | |3 |15 minutes|Presentation |Signs and Symptoms of Diphtheria | |4 |15 minutes|Presentation |Treatment, Prevention and Control | | | | |of Diphtheria | |5 |5 minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 6|5 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing STEP 2: Cause and Transmission of Diphtheria (15 minutes) • Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae • The disease is directly transmitted from person to person by respiratory droplets. • Children between 1-5 years of age are most susceptible although non- immune adults are also at risk. • The disease primarily infects the throat and upper airways, and produces a toxin affecting other organs STEP 3: Signs and Symptoms of Diphtheria (15 minutes) • There are two types of clinical diphtheria, nasopharyngeal and cutaneous. • Symptoms of pharyngeal diphtheria vary from mild pharyngitis to hypoxia due to airway obstruction by the pseudomembrane o The involvement of cervical lymph nodes may cause swelling of the neck (bull neck diphtheria), and the patient may have a fever • Symptoms of cutaneous diphtheria include lesions on the skin that are usually covered by a gray-brown pseudomembrane. • Life-threatening systemic complications, principally loss of motor function (e.g., difficulty in swallowing) and congestive heart failure, may develop as a result of the action of diphtheria toxin on peripheral motor neurons and the myocardium. • STEP 4: Treatment, Prevention and Control of Diphtheria (15 minutes) • Supportive therapy o May need tracheotomy for airway obstruction o Oxygen if airway obstruction is present o NGT for feeding if patient is unable to swallow • Medications o Diphtheria antitoxin o Penicillins e.g. penicillin V, Penicillin G o Macrolides e.g. Erythromycin, Azithromycin • Prevention and control o Immunization o Isolation of the sick STEP 4: Key Points (5 minutes) • Diphtheria is a contagious bacterial infection of the airways caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae • The disease is transmitted through respiratory droplets from an infected person • The disease is treated by supportive therapy and provision of medication including diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics • Isolation of the sick and immunization are key to prevention and control of diphtheria STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes) • What is diphtheria? • How is diphtheria transmitted? • Who are more at risk? References Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology 8th Edition, Willey- Blackwel publications Karen C. Carroll et al (2013); Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 26th Ed. McGraw Hill Co. Inc. Greenwood et al (2012); Medical Microbiology, 18th edition Churchill Livingstone ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Pharmaceutical Microbiology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260