PST Level 4 Semester 2

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04211 General Classification of Medicines Basic Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 2: General Classification of Medicines Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define pharmacological classes of essential medicines • Describe pharmacological classes of essential medicines Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • Computer and overhead projector where necessary SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Learning Tasks Definition of Pharmacological Classes of 2 40 minutes Presentation/buzzing Essential Medicines Presentation/small Description Pharmacological Classes of 3 65 minutes group discussion Essential Medicines 4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 8 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definitions of pharmacological classes of essential medicine (40 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question • What are the pharmacological classes of medicines? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below • There are several pharmacological classes of medicines which are listed in the National essential drug lists. The classes include: o Anaethetics which are used in surgery and intubation o Muscle relaxants which are used in surgery o Analgesics which are used in management of pain and fever o Anti allergies which are used in management of allergic reactions o Antidotes which are used in counteracting the effects of a particular poison o Anti epileptic which are used in management of epilepsy o Anti infective which are used in management of various types of infections o Anti-neoplastic/immunosuppressive drugs which are used in immunosuppression especially during organ transplant and management of some cancers o Ant parkinsonism which are used in management of Parkinson‘s disease o Blood boaster which are used in management of anemia o Anti coagulants which are used as blood thinner and management of thrombosis o Cardiovascular medicines which are used in management of heart and problems associated with blood vessels o Dermatological medicines which are used in management of skin diseases o Gastro intestinal medicines which are used in management of problems in gastrointestinal tracts o Hormone and antidiabetic medicines which are used in management of diabetes and other hormonal diseases o Vaccines which are used in prevention of diseases PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 9 o Ophthalmological preparations which are used in management of eye diseases o Medicine used in ear and nose which are used in management of ear and nose problems o Oxytocics which are used in management of delayed labour o Psychotherapeutics which are used in management of psychiatric conditions o Medicines acting on the respiratory tracts which are used in management of diseases associated with respiratory system o Solution correcting water and electrolyte which are used in management of fluid and electrolyte imbalances o Vitamins and minerals which are used in management of vitamin and mineral deficiency STEP 3: Description Of Pharmacological Classes of Essential Medicines (65 Minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • How do we describe pharmacological classes of essential medicines? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Pharmacological classes of medicines include drugs which have similar functions. Examples of drugs with similar functions are: o Anaethetics include general anaesthetic (halothane, ketamine, isoflurane and thiopental) and local anaesthetics ( lignocaine and bupivacaine) o Muscle relaxants include gallamine, neostigmine, pancuronium, suxamethonium o Analgesics is for pain relief and include aspirin, paracetamol, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethazine, piroxicam, mefenamic acid, naproxen, they also have antpyretic and antinflammatory effects, narcotics such as tromadol are pain relief and they act in the central nervous system o Anti allergies such as chlorpheniramine, loratadine, cetirizine, adrenaline, dopamine hydrocortisone, promethazine, dexamethasone are used in management of allergic reactions o Antidotes such as ipecacuanha, activated charcoal, magnesium salt and antivenom used in counteracting the effects of poisons o Anti epileptics (carbamazepine, diazepam, Phenobarbital, phenytoin and magnesium sulphate) are used in management of epilepsy PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 10 o Anti-neoplastic/immunosuppressive ( cyclophosphamide, rituximub and prednisolone) are used in immunosuppression especially during organ transplant and management of some cancers o Antiparkinsonism such as benzhexol, biperidine, bromocriptine and carbidopa are used in management of Parkinson‘s disease o Blood boaster such as ferrous sulphate, folic acid and vitamin B12 are used in management of anemia o Anti coagulants such as aspirin, activated prothrombin, enoxaparin sodium, heparin, vitamin K, protamin sulphate, streptokinase, alteplase, frozen plasma, factor viii and factor ix are used as blood thinner and management of thrombosis o Cardiovascular medicine; drugs used in management of heart disease and problems associated with blood vessels, they include:  Anti anginal drugs ( glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide mono/dinitrate, nifedipine, clopidegral and propranolol), used in management of angina  Anti arrythimic drugs, (amiodarone, verapamil, adenosine and lidocaine) are used in management of cardiac arrhythmias  Anti-hypertensivesuch as methyldopa, captopril, nifedipine, atenolol, propranolol, labetalol, bumetanide, peridopril, carvediol, metoprolol, amlodipine, hydralazine and bisoprolol are used in management of hypertension  Cardiac Glycosides such as digoxine is used in management of congestive heart failure  Diurects such as frusemide, bendrofluazide, spironolactone, mannitol and glycerol syrup are used in management of hypertension and extracellular edema  Lipid Lowering such as simvastatin and atovastatin are used in lowering cholesterol level in

NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04211 Introduction to Pharmacology Basic Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 1: Introduction to Pharmacology Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the terms pharmacology, drug and pro-drug and medicine • List sources of drugs • Define the term pharmacokinetics and list pharmacokinetics Parameters • Explain bioavailability and half life of drugs • Define pharmacodynamic, receptor, agonist, antagonist and synergy • Explain terms toxic, therapeutic dose and therapeutic index • Define the terms tolerance, habituation, dependence and addiction Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers • Overhead projector and Computer SESSION OVERVIEW Activity/ Step Time Content Method 1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Objectives Definition of Pharmacology, Drug and 2 10 minutes Presentation/Buzzing Pro-drug and medicine 3 10 minutes Presentation/Brainstorming Sources of Drugs Definition of Pharmacokinetics and 4 20 minutes Presentation Pharmacokinetics Parameters 5 15 minutes Presentation Bioavailability and Half-life of Drugs Pharmacodynamics, Receptor, Agonist, 6 15 minutes Presentation Antagonist and Synergy Toxic Dose, Therapeutic Dose and 7 15 minutes Presentation Therapeutic Index Tolerance, Habituation, Dependence and 8 20 minutes Presentation Addiction 9 05 minutes Presentation Key Points 10 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 1 SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Objectives (5 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Pharmacology, Drug and Pro-drug (10 minutes) Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following questions for 5 minutes • What is Pharmacology? • What is a drug? • What is a Pro-drug? • What is a medicine? ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned WRITE their response on the flip chart/board CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below and define other terminologies not defined by students • Pharmacology is a study of the effects of chemical substances on the function of living systems • A drug may is a substance that brings about a change in biologic functions through its chemical actions • A pro-drug is a chemical that is converted to active drug/form by biologic processes inside the body • A medicine is a chemical preparation, which usually but not necessarily contains one or more drugs, administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect • Medicines usually contain other substances (i.e. excipients, stabilisers, solvents, etc.) besides the active drug, to make them more convenient to use • In everyday parlance, the word drug is often associated with addictive, narcotic or mind- altering substances-an unfortunate negative connotation that tends to bias opinion against any form of chemical therapy PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 2 STEP 3: Sources of Drugs (10 minutes) Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: • What are sources of drugs? ALLOW few students to respond WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below • Drugs obtain from various sources such as: synthetic chemicals, chemicals obtained from plants, fungal sources, animal sources, marine organisms or products of genetic engineering • Plant-derived drugs include: quinine, digitalis, atropine, ephedrine, strychnine, vinca alkaloids and others which result from purification of active compounds from these plants. For example, morphine which is purified from opium • Fungal-derived sources include penicillin, streptomycin and many other antibiotics. • Animal-derived sources include Insulin, fats containing nutrients/vitamins derived from fish and others • Natural products, derived mainly from fungal and plant sources, have proved to be a fruitful source of new therapeutic agents, particularly in the field of anti-infective, anticancer and immunosuppressant drugs • Semi-synthetic drugs are derived from chemical modification of natural products for example Beta-Lactam antibiotics such as cephalosporins • Nowadays drugs are derived from chemical modifications/reactions in laboratories STEP 4: Definition of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacokinetics parameters (20 minutes) • Pharmacodynamics is define as actions of the drug on the body • Pharmacokinetics is define as the actions of the body on the drug • When a drug is administered it must be absorbed into blood from its site of administration, distributed to its site of action, metabolized (mainly by the liver and other processes) and finally eliminated from the body by excretion and other processes • In short pharmacokinetics (PK) = Absorption (A), Distribution (D), Metabolism (M) and Elimination (E). Therefore, PK=ADME • The common terms used in description of pharmacokinetics are: Bioavailability (F) for absorption, Volume of distribution (Vd) for distribution, extraction ratio (ER) for metabolism and Clearance (CL) for elimination PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 3 STEP 5: Bioavailability and Half-life of Drugs (15 minutes) • Bioavailability is the fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation. For example, if 100mg of a drug is administered orally and 80mg of the drug is absorbed, the bioavailability is 80% or 0.8 • The capital letter F is used to represent bioavailability • When a drug is administered through intravenously, all of the amount reaches systemic circulation, and thus bioavailability is 100% or 1 • Half-life (t1/2) is the time required for the concentration of drugs in the body (blood) to remain to half of the original concentration • Half-life is useful in designing drug dosage regimens, predicting elimination (clearance) and distribution of a drug (volume of distribution) STEP 6: Pharmacodynamics, Receptor, Agonist, Antagonist and Synergy (15 minutes) • Pharmacodynamics refers to the relationship between drug concentration at the site of action and the resulting effect, including the time course and intensity of therapeutic and adverse effects • A