Basic Mathematics Form One Notes – Base Ten Numeration and Numbers
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We know that when we count we start 1,2 …. . But there are other numbers like 0, negative
numbers and decimals. All these types of numbers are categorized in different groups like
counting numbers, integers,teal numbers, whole numbers and rational and irrational numbers
according to their properties. all this have been covered in this chapter
Base Ten Numeration
Numbers are represented by symbols called numerals. For example, numeral for the number ten
is 10. Numeral for the number hundred is 110 and so on.
The symbols which represent numbers are called digits. For example the number 521 has three
(3) digits which are 5, 2 and 1. There are only tendigits which are used to represent any number.
These digits are 0, 1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
The Place Value in each Digit in Base Ten Numeration
Identify the place value in each digit in base ten numeration
When we write a number, for example 521, each digit has a different value called place value.
The 1 on the right means 1 ones which can be written as 1 1, the next number which is 2 means
2 tens which can be written as 2 10 and the last number which is $ means 5 hundreds which
can be written as 5 * 100. Therefore the number 521 was found by adding the numbers 5 = 100 +
2« 10+ 1x 1=521
Note that when writing numbers in words, if there is zero between numbers we use word “and”
Example 1
Write the following numbers in words
2
17.008
2 99827213,
3. 59.000
Solution
a 7008 = Seven thousand and eight
b. 99 827 213 = Ninety nine millions eight hundred twenty seven thousand two hundred
thirteen.
©. 59.000 = Fifty nine thousand,
Example 2
Write the numbers bellow in expanded form.
L732,
2 1205
Solution
a 732=7×100+3×10+2×1
b.1205=1x 1000 +2x 100+0x 10+5×1
Example 3
Write in numerals for each of the following:
1 9x 100+8x 10+0x1
2. Nine hundred fifty five thousand and five.
Solution
a 9x 100+8x 10+0x1=980
b. Nine hundred fifty five thousand and five = 955 005.
Example 4
For each of the following numbers write the place value of the digit in brackets
3
189705 361 (8)
2. 57341(7)
Solution
a _8isiin the place value of ten millions.
Hundred Ten Hundred Ten
Billions millions _—_millions.–“Millions Thousands Thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
1
10
1 o 0
1 0 o 0
1 0 0 o 0
1 0 0 0 o 0
1 0 0 0 0 o 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 oo
1 ° 0 0 0 0 0 o 0
1 o ° 0 0 0 0 0 o 0
b. Tis in the place value of thousands,
Numbers in Base Ten Numeration
Read numbers in base ten numeration
Base Ten Numeration is a system of writing numbers using ten symbols i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8 and 9. Base Ten Numeration is also called decimal system of Numeration.
4
Numbers in Base Ten Numeration up to One Billion
Write numbers in base ten numeration up to one billion
Consider the table below showing place values of numbers up to one Billion.
If you are given numerals for a number having more than three digits, you have to write it by
grouping the digits into groups of three digits from right. For example 7892939 is written as 7
892 939.
When we are writing numbers in words we consider their place values. For example; if we are
told to write 725 in words, we first need to know the place value of each digit. Starting from
right side 5 is in the place value of ones, 2 is in the place value of tens and seven is in the place
value of hundreds. Therefore our numeral will be read as seven hundred twenty five.
Numbers in Daily Life
Apply numbers in daily life
Numbers play an important role in our lives. Almost all the things we do involve numbers and
Mathematics. Whether we like it or not, our life revolves in numbers since the day we were born.
There are numerous numbers directly or indirectly connected to our lives
The following are some uses of numbers in our daily life:
1. Calling a member of a family or a friend using mobile phone.
2. Calculating your daily budget for your food, transportation, and other expenses.
3. Cooking, or anything that involves the idea of proportion and percentage.
4. Weighing fruits, vegetables, meat, chicken, and others in market.
5. Using elevators to go places or floors in the building,
6. Looking at the price of discounted items in a shopping mall
7. Looking for the number of people who liked your post on Facebook.
8. Switching the channels of your favorite TV shows
9. Telling time you spent on work or school
5
10. Computing the interest you gained on your business,
Natural and Whole Number
Natural numbers are counting numbers. Counting always starts with 1 and continues with 2, 3
(dots means numbers continue with no end). Therefore Natural or counting numbers starts from
1 and continue to infinite (no end),
Natural numbers are denoted by N. natural numbers can be represented on a horizontal line
called number line as shown above:
SS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
‘The other group of numbers starts from zero and it is called whole numbers denoted by W.
We can represent whole numbers on a number line as shown above:
aS a
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 g 9
The Difference between Natural and Whole Numbers
Distinguish between natural and whole numbers
Natural numbers are either used to count one to one objects or represent the position of an object
in a sequence. They start from one and go on to infinity. This is why they are sometimes referred
to as counting numbers. The only whole number that cannot be classified as a natural number is
0. Counting numbers can further be classified into perfect numbers, composite numbers, co-
prime/ relatively prime numbers, prime numbers, even and odd numbers.
Even ,Odd, and Prime Numbers
Identify even ,odd, and prime numbers
6
Even numbers are those numbers which are divisible by 2. In other words we can say that any
natural number which can be divided by 2 is an even number. For example 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
are even numbers since they are divisible by 2
Odd numbers are those numbers which are not divisible by 2. In other words we can say that
any natural number when divided by 2 and remains 1 including 1 are called odd numbers.
Example 1, 3, 5,7, 9, 11, 13, 15, … are called odd numbers.
Prime numbers are those numbers which are divisible by one and itself excluding one or any
natural number which is divisible by one and itself except one. For example 2, 3, 5,7, 11, 13, 17,
are called prime numbers.
Odd and Prime Numbers on Numbers Lines
Show even, odd and prime numbers on number lines
Odd and Prime Numbers
Prime and Odd Numbers
2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |s |9 |10
12 13 14 (15 |16 |17 (18 |19 |20
21_|22 |23 |24 |25 |26 |27 |28 |29 |30
31_|32_|33 |34 |38 |36 |37 |38 |39 |40
41_|42 [43 [44 [4s [4s [47 [48 [49
si_|s2 [53 |54 |55 |56 |57 |58 |59
61 [62 63 (64 |65 |66 |67 68 [69 |70 |
‘si | 83 (84 85 |86 87 88 [so |
‘a1 [oz |93 \94 los |96 |97 |98 |o9 |
7
Operations with Whole Numbers
We have four operations which are: addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication ( X) and division
©.
Addition of Whole Numbers
Add whole numbers
When adding numbers we add the corresponding digits in their corresponding place values and
wwe start adding from the right side i. from the place value of ones to the next.
We can add numbers horizontally or vertically
Horizontal addition
Example 5
1 972+ 18
2. 23750+250=
Solution
1 972+18=990
2. 23750+250=24 000
Vertical addition
Example 6
8
i 2378943
+ 72812
ii, 7 250
+ 2 352 890
Solution
i. 2378943
+ 72812
2451 755
ii, 7 250
+ 2352890
_—_ San
Subtraction of Whole Numbers
Subtract whole numbers
Subtraction is denoted by the sign (-). It is sometimes called minus. Subtraction is the opposite
of addition, Subtraction also means reduce a number from certain number and the answer that is
obtained is called difference.
Subtraction is done in similar way like addition. We subtract the corresponding digits in their
corresponding place value. For example; 505 — 13. We first subtract ones, which are 5 and 3
Subtract3 from 5 gives 2. Followed by tens which are 0 and 1. Subtract 1 from 0 is not possible
In order to make it easy, take 1 from 5 (hundreds). When 1 is added to 0 it has to be changed to
be tens since it is added to a place of tens. So, when | comes into a place of tens it becomes 10,
So add 10 to 0. We get 10. Now, subtract I from 10. We get 9. We are left with 4 in a place of
hundreds since we took 1. There for our answer will be 492.
Note that similar manner will be used when subtracting,
Example 7
9
a. 89 237 – 2275 =
b. 8 927 209
– 997 100
Solution
a. 89 237-2275 = 86 962
b. 8927209
~ 997 100
__930 109
Multiplication of Whole Numbers
Multiply whole numbers
Multiplication means adding repeatedly depending on the times number given. For example; 25
6 means add 25, repeat adding 6 times ie. 25 + 25 + 25 + 25 +25 + 25 = 150. The answer
obtained after multiplying two or more numbers is called product. The number being multiplied
is called a multiplicand while the number used in multiplying is called a multiplier. Referring
our example, 25 is multiplicand and 6 is multiplier.
Example 8
10
1. 925×35=
2. 752 345
x 15
Solution
1, 925 x 35 = 32375
2. 752 345
=x,
752345
+3761725
11285175
Division of Whole Numbers
Divide whole numbers
Division is the same as subtraction. You subtractdivisor(the number used to divide another
number) fromdividend(the number which is to be divided), we repeat subtracting divisor to the
answer obtained until we get zero. The answer is how many times you repeat subtraction
For example; 27 +9, we take 27 we subtract 9, we get 18. Again we take 18 we subtract 9, we get
9. We take 9 we subtract 9 we get 0. We repeat subtraction three times. Therefore the answer is
3. The answer obtained is calledquotient. Referring to our example; 27 is dividend, 9 is divisor
nu
and 3 is quotient. If a number can’t be divided exactly, what remains or left over is
calledremainder.
Example 9
1, 1714 608 + 18 =
2. 12)12 750
Solution
1) 1714 608 x 18 = 95 256
1062 rem 6
2) 12)12 750
-12
75
272
24
—&,
The Four Operations in Solving Word Problems
Use the four operations in solving word problems
Sometimes you may be given a question with mixed operations +, -, xand + . We do
multiplication and division first then addition and subtraction
Example 10
1 12*4+3×5
2 14×2+7-3+6
Solution
1, 12×4+3×5=3 +15 (do division and multiplication fist) =18
2. 14x 2+7-3+6=28 + 7-3 +6 (multiply first) =4 — 3 + 6 (then divide) =10 ~ 3 (add
then subtract) =7
2
We may use brackets to separate x,* , + and — if they are mixed in the same problem and use
what is called BODMAS . BODMAS is the short form of the following:
B for Brackets O for Open D for Division M for Multiplication A for Addition and S for
‘Subtraction
Therefore, with mixed operations, we first do the operation inside the brackets; we say that we
open the brackets. Then we do division followed by multiplication, addition and lastly
subtraction.
Example 11
1. (78=3+4)+(2×3)-2
2.4+3~-(5-3)+8+(9-7)
Solution
1. (78=344)+(2×3)-2
=30 + 6 – 2 (first do the operations inside the brackets)
=5 -2 ( do division)
=3
2.44+3-(5-3)+8+(9-7)
=4 + 3-2 +8 + 2(do the operations inside the brackets first)
=4 + 3-2 + 4 (do division)
=11 – 2 (do addition and then subtraction)
‘9
Word problems on whole numbers
Example 12
Ina school library there are 6 shelves each with 30 books. How many books are there?
Solution
13
Each shelf has 30 books
6 shelves have 30 = 6 = 180 books.
Therefore, there are 180 books.
Example 13
Juma’s mother has a garden with Tomatoes, Cabbages and Water Lemons. There are 4 rows of
Tomato each with 30 in it. 6 rows of Cabbages with 25 in each and 3 rows of Water Lemo
Solution
There are 30 Tomatoes in each row
4 rows will have 30 « 4 = 120 Tomatoes
Each row has 25 Cabbages
6 rows have 25 = 6 = 150 Cabbages
Each row has 15 Water Lemons
3 rows have 15 x 3 = 45 Water Lemons
In total there 120+ 150 + 45 = 315 plants
Therefore in Juma’s mother garden there are 315 plants
Example 14
A school shop collects sh 90 000 from customers each day. If sh 380 000 from the collection of 6
days was used to buy books. How much money was left?
Each day the collection is sh 90 000
6 days collection is sh 90 000 x 6 = sh $40 000
The money left will be = Total collection ~ Money used
= sh 540 000 — sh 380 000 = sh 160 000
Therefore the money left was sh 160 000
4
1. For each of the following numbers write the place value of a digit in a bracket
a 899.482 (4)
b. 19400)
© 9123476
2. Write the numerals for each of the following problems
a. Ten thousand and fifty one.
b. Nine hundred thirty millions one hundred twenty five thousand three hundred seventy
four.
© 6x 100+1×10+7×1
4 $x 10000+4x 1000+2x 100+7×10+8×1
3. Write the following numerals in words
a 952817
b. 98802 750
4, Write down even, odd and prime numbers between 90 and 100.
5. Compute:
a 25940+72 115-5 750=
b 892 12=
© 14670 15=
6. Calculate: (75 =3) +7 — 14 + (13 x2) =
7. There are 23 streams at Mamboleo primary school. If each stream has 60 pupils except 4
streams which they have 75 pupils each. How many pupils are there at Mamboleo primary
school?
as