Anatomy

From three hundreds BC and second century.

Scientist, Doctors and Artist would experiment and practice on the dead body.

Cadavers were positioned flat on their backs, thus making it easier to draw and reference from that position.

Leonardo da Vinci

began to study, draw and diagram of the human body.

It is a Greek word ( Ana-Tome): meaning cutting up.

Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

Gross Anatomy

Microscopic Anatomy

Developmental Anatomy

Specialized Branches of Anatomy

Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system

Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Cytology – study of the cell

Histology – study of tissues

 Embryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth(embryogenesis and subsequent organogenesis)

 Pathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease

Radiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray

Molecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level

Superior and Inferior

Anterior and Posterior

Dorsal and Ventral

Proximal and Distal

Medial and Lateral

Ipsilateral and Contralateral



The anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical references.

When in the anatomical position, the subject stands (Figure 1.5).

Standing upright and facing forward.

Mouth closed with neutral facial expression.

Arms straight, hands held by the hips with palms facing forward.

Feet together and parallel, toes pointing forward.

In biological males, the penis is described as erect.

Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another.

It usually along one of the three major body planes

Superior (cranial /cephalic)



Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body

Inferior



Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body(caudal is most often used in embryology to refer to the hind end of the

Embryo)

Anterior



n

Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure i the body

Posterior



Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body

Medial



Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body

Lateral



Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body

Distal

(Reference to the extremities only)



Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb

Proximal

(Reference to the extremities only)



Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb

 When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.

Proximal

Distal

However,

proximal and distal are also used in describing branching structures,

e.g. bronchi, vessels and nerves. External (outer) and internal (inner)

refer to the distance from the centre of an organ or cavity,

Ipsilateral refers to the same side (of the body, organ or structure),

bilateral to both sides,

contralateral to the opposite side

Superficial



Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure

Deep



Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure

Ventral



Towards the front or belly



You Vent out or your nose and mouth.

Dorsal



Towards the back



Like the Dorsal fin of a dolphin.

Prone



Lying face down



Like a Pro Baseball player sliding into Home.

Supine



Lying face up



Lying on your spine and you can have soup poured into your mouth.

Unilateral



Pertaining to one side of the body

Bilateral



Pertaining to both sides of the body

These terms are used for planes or sections that cut the body, organs, tissues, or cells

Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures

Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views

Sagittal plane

The plane dividing the body into right and left portions

Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

Frontal plane

The plane dividing the body into front and back portions

Also called the Coronal plane

Transverse plane

The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions

Also called the Horizontal plane

cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane

(also called XS – cross section)

(also called coronal)

Describe three-dimensional structures.

Sectional Planes

Transverse Planes- divide the body into superior/inferior sections.

Frontal Planes/coronal plane – divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Sagittal Planes-divide the body into left and right sections. Exactly equal halves- Midsagittal Section

Flexion

Extension

Hyperextension

Adduction

Abduction

Prontaion

Supination

Retraction

Protraction

Elevation

Depression

Rotation

Circumduction

External Rotation

Internal Rotation

Inversion

Eversion

Dorsiflexion

Plantarflexion

Radial Deviation

Ulnar Deviation

Flexion



Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones



In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints

Extension



Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones



In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints

Hyperextension



Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

Adduction

Moving a body part towards the midline of the body

Abduction

Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

Pronation

Turning the arm or foot downward

(palm of the hand – down)



Prone

Supination

 Turning the arm or foot upward



(palm of the hand



Supine

Retraction



Moving a part backward

Protraction



Moving a part forward

Elevation



Raising a part

Depression



Lowering a part

Rotation



Turning on a single axis

Circumduction



Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder

Internal rotation



Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline

External rotation



Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

Lateral Flexion

 Side-bending left or right

Foot

Inversion



Turning the sole of the foot inward

Eversion



Turning the sole of the foot outward

Dorsiflexion



Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin

Plantarflexion



Ankle movement pointing the foot downward

Thumb

Radial Deviation



Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side.

Ulnar Deviation



Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side.

Opposition



Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.