Pathophysiology of CARDIOVASCULAR-SYSTEM

Disorders of cardiovascular system

Definition of the Cardiovascular Disorder

What is the cardiovascular disorder?

Cardiovascular disorders are the disorders of the heart and blood vessels

Vascular disease is responsible for more morbidity and mortality than any other category of human disease Cardiovascular disorders are due to multiple factors e.g age (advanced age), genetics, and lifestyle (Sedentary/obesity, cigarette smoking,alcohol,diet )

Common Disorders of Cardiovascular System

What are the common disorders of cardiovascular system?

The common disorders of the cardiovascular system include:

• Hypertension=
• Hypotension= low blood pressure
• Cardiac failure= reduced heart functioning
• Ischaemic heart diseases
• -Angina pectoris=
• -Myocardial infarction=death of cardiac muscles

Arrhythmias= Irregular heat beating

Shock = A clinical syndrome which follows critical reduction of blood flow within the microcirculation with inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery to that tissue Varicose veins= swollen twisted veins in legs Aneurisms=

• Arteriosclerosis=

Atherosclerosis

…

Varicose veins

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries Is the term used to describe degenerative changes in small arteries, commonly occurring in older individuals and diabetics Elasticity is lost, and the walls become thick and hard The lumen gradually narrows and may become obscured This leads to diffuse ischemia and death in various tissues such as those of the: heart, kidneys, or brain Atherosclerosis

It is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol (accumulation of lipids in blood vessels causing occlusion) Is differentiated by the presence of atheromas (plaques consisting of lipids, cells, and cell debris, often with attached thrombi, which form inside the walls of large arteries) Atheromas form primarily in large arteries such as the aorta and the coronary arteries.

Angina pectoris

• It is an episodic, reversible oxygen insufficiency

This condition is the most common form of IHD Angina pectoris is applied to varying forms of transient chest pain that are attributable to insufficient myocardial oxygen Atherosclerotic lesions that produce a narrowing of the coronary arteries are the major cause of angina However, tachycardia(increased heart rate), anaemia, hyperthyroidism, and hypotension can cause an oxygen imbalance Myocardial Infarction (HEART ATTACK) Myocardial infarction (MI) is an area of dead cardiac muscle tissue, with or without haemorrhage Myocardial infarction is produced by an obstruction of the coronary artery, which results in a lack of oxygen to the tissue For those who survive an myocardial infarction, there is a notably greater risk of a second myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or a stroke occurring within a short time

Cardiac Arrhythmias (dysrhythmias)

They are deviations from the normal cardiac rate or rhythm They may result from damage to the heart‘s conduction system or from systemic causes such as, fever, hypoxia, stress, drug toxicity, and electrolyte imbalances.

• Congestive heart failure (CHF)

Is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders This condition occurs when the heart is not able to pump enough blood to meet the body‘s metabolic demands.

Heart failure may be caused by any disorder that affects the heart‘s ability to receive or eject blood Aneurysm

It is a localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel or the heart When an aneurysm involves all three layers of the arterial wall (intima, media, and adventitia) or the attenuated wall of the heart, it is called a true aneurysm Atherosclerotic, syphilitic, and congenital aneurysms, and ventricular aneurysms that follow transmural myocardial infarctions, are examples of this type

Types of aneurysm

Hypertension and its Risk Factors

Hypertension is elevation of blood pressure (B.P) usually systolic blood pressure is ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure is ≥ 90mmHg measured on three separate occasions.

• There are three classifications of hypertension:
• Primary or essential hypertension
• It is idiopathic (occurring spontaneously from an unknown cause)
• Essential hypertension develops when the blood pressure is consistently above 140/90 mmHg

Secondary hypertension

It results from renal (e.g., nephrosclerosis) or endocrine (e.g., hyperaldosteronism) disease, or pheochromocytoma=benign tumor of the adrenal medulla,Renal artery stenosis In this type of hypertension, the underlying problem must be resolved Malignant hypertension

It is an uncontrollable, severe, and rapidly progressive form of hypertension with many complications

Hypertension is sometimes classified as systolic or diastolic depending on the measurement that is elevated

For example, elderly persons with loss of elasticity in the arteries frequently have high systolic pressure and a low diastolic value Risk Factors for Hypertension:

• Family history (genetic)
• Stress
• Obesity
• Smoking
• Drinking too much alcohol
• Diabetes mellitus

Excessive blood lipid levels.

Hypertension must be diagnosed in early stages

When it is not properly treated, the risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and renal failure increases

Key points

The common disorders of the cardiovascular system includes hypertension, hypotension, cardiac failure, ischaemic heart diseases, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, shock, varicose veins, aneurisms, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis There are many factors that contribute to heart disease, such as age, genetics, and lifestyle.

Proper diet, exercise, avoiding cigarette smoking, and getting enough rest can do a lot to keep the heart functioning for a long time.

Hypertension is elevation of blood pressure (B.P) usually systolic blood pressure is ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure is ≥ 90mmHg measured on three separate occasions

Evaluation

• What is cardiovascular disorders?
• Identify common cardiovascular diseases?
• What is congestive heart failure?

What are the risk factors of hypertension?