Musculoskeletal System

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system is an interconnected structure of bone, muscle, cartilage, tendons, and other tissues that give our bodies form, support, movement, and the ability to do work.

Skeleton is made up of 206 bones that articulates together to form joints that support balance and movement.

• It is classified into two forms,which are;
• 1.Axial skeleton

2.Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

• It consists of skull,spine and pelvis bones

The Skull

Skull is the most superior part of the bodily structure and has total of 22 bones which are divided in two categories,which are;

• 1.Cranial bones (8 bones)

2.Facial bones (14 bones)

Outside the bony skull there is a layer with fascia and muscles known as scalp which covers the skull

And inside the skull there is strong layer that protects the brain from trauma is called meninge Meninges has three layers,which are;

• 1.Dura matter
• 2.Arachnoid matter

3.Pia matter

The space btn dura and arachnoid matter is called subdural space while a space btn arachnoid and pia matter is called subarachnoid space

Cranial bones

The spine

It is fundamental structure in body balance,support,coordination and movement.It consists of 33 vertebral bodies that are divided into 5 categories depending on the position and function.

Cervical spine

The cervical spine is the first part of the spinal column, consisting of 7 cervical vertebrae, C1-C7. These vertebrae are ring-like bony structures supporting the weight of the head. The first two bones, C1 and C2, are highly specialized, known as the atlas and axis.It is found at the neck posteriorly surrounded by adjacent muscles that support neck movement i.e sternocleiodomastoid

Atlas

Located at the top of the spine,the atlas forms the articulation with the occipital bone, connecting the skull and spine. Its primary difference from the other vertebrae in the cervical region is the absence of a vertebral body and spinous process. Its lateral masses are connected by the anterior and posterior arches.

Axis (C2)

It forms the pivot upon which the Atlas rotates (atlanto-axial joint), letting us rotate our head independently of the body. The most identifiable landmark of this bone is the strong odontoid process or dens that rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body and articulates with the atlas’ anterior arch.

There are also articulations between the axis’s superior articular facets and the atlas’ inferior articular facets.

Between two vertebral bodies there is catilagenous roundish pad known as intervertebral disc.

Thoracic spine

It is below the cervical spine and it is made up of 12 vertebral bodies.Bends posteriorly creating thoracic kyphosis.

Has articulating facets both superiorly and inferiorly for rib attachment thus involved in creating thoracic cage posteriorly

Lumbar spine

Has 5 vertebral bodies joined up by intervertebral discs.They are wide and tough as it creates the base of the spine.It is tightly hold up by psoas and iliopsoas muscles.It bend anteriorly resulting into lumnar lordosis.

Sacrum

It consist of 5 fused vertebra with 4 paired sacral foramens for passage of spinal nerves.It is involved in creating pelvic brim posteriorly and it is attached to iliac spine by sacroiliac joint in both left and right side Coccyx

It consist of 4 fused small vertebral bodies and it is the last segment of the spine.It is known as the spine tail.

Pelvis