Introduction to Pharmaceutical Assessment and Monitoring
Session 2: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Assessment and
Monitoring
Total Session Time: 60 minutes
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks
10 minutes Presentation Aims of Pharmaceutical Assessment and
2
Buzzing Monitoring
10 minutes Presentation Reasons for Monitoring and Assessment of
3
Brainstorming PharmaceuticalServices
15 minutes Presentation
4 Usage of Assessment and Monitoring Results
Buzzing
10 minutes Presentation Importance of Indicators in Monitoring and
5
Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals services
6 05 minutes Presentation Key Points
7 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation
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SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.
STEP 2: Aims of Pharmaceutical assessment and Monitoring
(10 minutes)
Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)
ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned
WRITE their response on the flip chart/board
CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below
o Monitoring and assessing the pharmaceutical sector are vital to determine if the key
pharmaceutical objectives are met.
o Evaluate accessibility of essential medicines to people.
o Help to assess the safety, efficacy and quality of medicines
o Monitoring of rational use of medicines.
STEP 3: Reasons for Monitoring and Assessment of Pharmaceuticals
Services (10 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)
Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:
ALLOW few students to respond?
WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board
CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below
PST 06211 Monitoring and Evaluation of Medicines Use NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide
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includes;
o To assess country capacity in infrastructures, resources and human
resources to support the pharmaceutical sector and implement NMPs;
o To review implementation strategies so adjustments can be made. Such as
implementation of national medicine policy
o To measure outcome of pharmaceutical objectives in terms of access and rational use of
quality medicines.
o To evaluate progress towards identified objectives
STEP 4: Usage of Assessment and Monitoring Results (15 minutes)
Activity: Buzzing (5minutes)
ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 5 minutes
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned
WRITE their response on the flip chart/board
CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below
by different stakeholders ;
o To focus action, prioritize, measure achievement
o To synchronize health and economic policies
o To get a clear picture of national problems and identify and prioritize strategies
o To present the performance of the pharmaceutical sector to donors and other
governmental agencies
to be aware of the institutional problems and identify strategies to improve the situation
o To assess the structure and capability of countries when developing new projects
PST 06211 Monitoring and Evaluation of Medicines Use NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide
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o To assess the progress and accomplishment of current projects
o To assess the impact of aid
o To focus their activities on advocacy activities and information campaigns
Refer students to Handout 2.1: Usage of Assessment and Monitoring Results
STEP 5:Importance of Indicators in Monitoring and Evaluation of
Pharmaceuticals Services (10 minutes)
pharmaceutical services
o It helps in comparing the performance of facilities, districts, regions and the overall
situation in the country. By using indicators we can compare situations such the
availability and accessibility of essential medicines between one country and another,
one region and another and districts as well.
o It helps in seeing trends over time. Helps to identify the rise and fall in availability of
essential medicine in particular time and specifically the demands of the health facilities
o It helps in setting targets. It helps set goals and guiding policy-makers in developing and
planning national strategy, including budget planning, reallocation of funding and
human resource management. Which are key cross-cutting factors that can influence
access to medicines
STEP 6: Key Points (5 minutes)
by; countries, international agencies,national policy makers, health facilities, Professional
groups, NGOs and academia
overtime, setting targets and comparing performance of facilities.
access to essential medicines, quality medicines, and use of medicines rationally.
STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)
pharmaceuticals?
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References
Quick, J. D. (1997). Managing drug supply the selection, procurement, distribution and use of
pharmaceuticals. West Hartford, CT: KumarianPress.Bartsch, S. (2007).
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Global Health Governance and the
Fight Against HIV/AIDS,146-171. doi:10.1057/9780230591349
WHO Operational package for assessing, monitoring and evaluating country pharmaceutical
situations. (2015, November 20). Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/WHO_TCM_2007.2/en/
PST 06211 Monitoring and Evaluation of Medicines Use NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide
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Handout 2.1:Usage of Assessment and Monitoring Results
pharmaceutical objectives are met: people have access to essential medicines, these
medicines are safe, effective and of good quality, and they are used correctly.
A systematic method to assess and monitor the impact of strategies and activities will
provide information on issues and gaps, all-important input in the development of
health policies.
The WHO process for pharmaceutical monitoring and assessment uses a hierarchical
approach with three groups of indicators: Level I, Level II and Level III. This provides a
standard methodology to follow progress over time and to compare situations in
different facilities, districts and countries.
data is very important for assessing access, quality and rational use of medicines. There
are multiple, cross-cutting factors that can influence access and rational use of quality
medicines, and a variety of strategies that countries can adopt and implement to
improve their pharmaceutical situations.
Indicators have been developed for monitoring national medicines policies (NMPs)
that enable systematic assessment, evaluation and monitoring of the formulation and
implementation of pharmaceutical policies and programmes.
o Assess country capacity, such as available infrastructure, logistics and human
resources to support the pharmaceutical sector and implement NMPs;
o monitor the implementation of NMPs;
o measure the impact of implementation strategies; and
o Evaluate progress towards identified objectives.
All stakeholders in the pharmaceutical sector can use indicator-based assessment of the
pharmaceutical situation to inform priorities and set targets.
strengths and weaknesses of strategies to improve the provision of pharmaceuticals.
o Indicators provide policy-makers and managers with a clear picture of national and
institutional problems.
strengthen the pharmaceutical sector.
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o Low access, as measured by availability and affordability of essential medicines, could
indicate that policies on health and medicines financingshould be reviewed.
o Economic policies may be focused on joining the global economy without adequate
consideration of the implications on pricing, affordability and availability of important
medicines.
products could indicate the need to assess various policies and systems,
including licensing and inspection of manufacturers, quality assurance or
product registration.
International agencies and donors can use the results of indicator-based studies to
identify where their activities will achieve the greatest impact. Professional groups and
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can use the results to focus their advocacy and
information campaigns.
Standard indicators allow informative comparisons among countries. For example an
indicator-based assessment in 12 countries revealed:
easier to create a structure than to make it work‖.
register medicines and inspect manufacturer and retail outlets, however, the
enforcement of regulations is often weak.
Countries may use the information as follows:
politicians, civil society, academia and key partners (awareness issue).
Comparison with other countries at a similar level of economic development,
within the region or globally can also be made.
information on website links and through national brochures. These are also
good ways to elicit feedback from stakeholders.
unmet objectives to be identified. This in turn facilitates the identification of
appropriate strategies.
doing the analysis by type of indicator (structure, process and output) will also
guide countries to share sub-regional experiences, through informative
comparisons.
budget planning, reallocation of funding and human resource management.
Which are key cross-cutting factors that can influence access to medicines.
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information for the enforcement of regulations and to assess the level of
regulatory authority capability.
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