Data Presentation
Session 3: Data Presentation
Total Session Time: 120 minutes+ 120 minutes Assignment
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed
SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks
15 minutes Brainstorming
2 Definition of Data Presentation
Presentation
40 minutes
3 Presentation Methods of Data Presentation
40 minutes Presentation
4 Use of Data Presentation Methods
Buzzing
5 10 minutes Presentation Key Points
6 10 minutes Presentation Evaluation
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 13
SESSION CONTENTS
STEP1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing
STEP 2: Definition of Data Presentation (15 minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)
Ask students to pair up and brainstorm on the following question:
ALLOW few students to respond?
WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board
CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below
the logical and statistical conclusions can be derived from the collected measurements
STEP 3: Methods of Data Presentation (40 minutes)
o Textual – presentation of data in words (text)
o Tabular – a systematic organization of data into columns and rows (a table)
o Graphical – presentation of data using graphs
o frequency distributions
o percentages
o proportions
o ratios and rates
o figures (graph, tables, charts
o measures of central tendency (mean, mode and median)
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 14
o Frequency distribution is description of data presented in tabular form so that data
will be more manageable.
o It gives frequency in each value that appears in data
o counts number of responses in category
e.g. Frequency of categorical data
Frequency distribution of course students according to sex
Sex of course students Number of course students
Male 34
Female 27
Total 61
o Frequency distribution of numerical data is similar to that of categorical data except
here data have to be grouped in categories
School of Pharmacy (KSP) (45,43,45,47,54,53,62,38,54,34,45,53,56,42,51, 62,61)
o Procedures
Select group for grouping these data (selected Groups (31-40; 41-50; 51-60; 61-
70)
Count number of measurement (wt. of pharmaceutical students) in each group:
31-40 II (34, 38)
41-50 IIIIII (42, 43, 45, 45, 45, 47)
51-60 IIIIII (51, 53, 53, 54, 54, 56)
61-70 III (61, 62, 62)
Add up and check the total
o Groups must not overlap, to avoid confusion
o There must be continuity from one group to the other (no gaps)
o Groups must range from the lowest to the highest measurements
o Groups should normally be of equal width
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 15
o Is number of units in the sample with a certain characteristics divided by total of units
in the sample multiplied by 100
o May also be called Relative frequencies
o Standardizes the data and make it easier to compare with similar data obtained in
another sample of different size or origin
enrolment
Weight Number of Relative frequency(percent)
(Kg) pharmaceutical
students
31-40 12 26.7
41-50 17 37.8
51-60 11 24.4
61-70 5 11.1
Total 45 100
o Don‘t include missing numbers and not applicable in calculation.
o Don‘t know' is special category that should not counted as missing data.
o Should not be used if total is less than 30, as one unit makes a big difference in terms
of percentage
o Sometimes relative frequency are expressed in proportion instead of percentages
o Definition: proportion is numerical expression that compares one party of study units
to the whole.
o Can be expressed in fraction or decimal
Numerator is part of denominator
e.g. Calculate proportion of modules studied in first semester
o Is numerical expression that indicates relationship in quantity or amount or size
between two or more parts. Numerator is not part of denominator
e.g. Ratio of module studied in first semester to module to be studied in second
semester
o Is quantity or amount or degree of event or disease measured over specified period.
o Figures make the descriptive data more readable when you have many tables
For categorical data use
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 16
o Bar charts
o Pie charts
o Histograms
o Line graphs
o Scatter diagrams
o Maps
o Is simplest and most effective means of illustrating qualitative data
o Bars can either be horizontal or vertical
o The bars are not connected
question: How often have you used cannabis for the past one year? This was
closed question with the following possible answers
o Frequently (more than 5 times), Occasionally (3 to 5 times), rarely (1 to 2 times) and
never
Categories Number Percentage
Frequently 7 12.2
Occasionally 9 15.8
Rarely 10 17.5
Never 31 54.4
Total 57 100
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 17
o Provides quick view of data presented in different form.
o Numerical data are often presented in histograms
o Are similar to bar charts however the difference is that in histogram ‗the bars‘ are
connected (as long as there is no gap between the data where as in bar charts the bars
are not connected as the different categories are distinct entitles)
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 18
o Useful for numerical data if you want to show Trend over time
o It is easy to show two or more distribution in one graph as long as difference between
lines are easy to distinguish e.g. age distribution between males and females
STEP 4: Use of Data Presentation Methods (35 minutes)
Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)
ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned
WRITE their response on the flip chart/board
CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below
Conditions in which the following methods of data presentation are used
o Frequency distributions are used for both qualitative and quantitative data.
o A frequency distribution of data can be shown in a table or graph.
o Some common methods of showing frequency distributions include frequency tables,
histograms or bar charts.
o A frequency table is a simple way to display the number of occurrences of a particular
value or characteristic.
o Statistical hypothesis testing is founded on the assessment of differences and
similarities between frequency distributions
o In Cross tabulation
o In Cumulative frequency
o Useful in expressing the relative frequency of survey responses
o In Comparison of groups
o As a fraction
o In advertisement, e.g. shops advertise discounts on products. These discounts are
percentages
o A proportion is simply a statement that two ratios are equal.
o Uses cross products to find a missing term in a proportion
o Used when administering medication
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 19
o A ratio is a numerical expression which indicates the relationship in quantity, amount
or size between two or more parts. Example the ratio of males to females is 22:33, or 2:3.
o A rate is the quantity, amount or degree of a
disease or event measured over a specified period
o Commonly used rates in the health sector
are:
Birth Rate – The number of live births per 1000 population over a period of one
year
Death Rate – The number of deaths per 1000 population over a period of one
year
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – The number of deaths of infants under one-year
deaths of age per 1000 live births over a period of one year
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) – The number of maternal pregnancy-related in
one year per 100,000 total births in the same year
Incidence Rate – The number of new cases per population over a specific period
of time (usually a year)
Prevalence Rate – The number of existing cases per population over a specific
period of time (usually a year)
o Graph:
Line graphs can also be used to compare changes over the same period of time for
more than one group.
Bar graphs are used to compare things between different groups or to track
changes over time (trends)
The purpose of a graph is to present data that are too numerous or complicated to
be described adequately in the text and in less space
o Tables:
Show the number of times that data with certain characteristics occur in a data set
Tells how many or what proportion of a group has each value or range of value
out of all possible values
o Pie charts:
Pie charts are best to use when you are trying to compare parts of a whole. They
do not show changes over time.
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 20
STEP 5: Key Points (10 minutes)
rates, Figures (graph, tables, charts, and Measures of central tendency (mean ,mode and
median)
STEP 6: Evaluation (10 minutes)
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 21
References
Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Freeman, J. & Shoesmith, E. (2007).
Basic Statistics and epidemiology (2001). A practical guide, Radcliffe Medical Press,
United Kingdom
Beaglehole R, Bonita R and Kjellstrom (1993) Basic epidemiology, World Health
Organization, Geneva
Kazaura, M. R., Makwaya, C. K., Masanja, C. M. and Mpembeni, R.C. (1997). Lecture notesin
Biostatistics, manual of biostatistics: Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences,
Dar es Salaam
Polit, D. F and Beck, C. T (2004) Nursing Research – Principles and Methods, (7th Ed):
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia
Rao, J. S., & Richard, J. (2002). An introduction to biostatistics-a manual for students in
helthsciences (3rd. Ed): New Delhi, India: Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd
Rosner B (2010): Fundamental of Biostatistics (7th Ed.): Boston, USA: Cengage Learning
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PST 06210 Operational Research NTA Level 6 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide 22
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