Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

PST 06107

Basic Veterinary Pharmacology

Session 4: Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Learning Tasks

By

the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

Define Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

List signs and symptoms of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe pharmacological treatment of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

List contraindications of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Describe Control and Prevention of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Activity: Buzzing

What

is Anthrax? ?

Definition of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Anthrax

Anthrax

is an acute, febrile (42

o

C),

septicemia

, fatal bacterial disease of food animals caused by

Bacillus

anthracis

Anthrax

outbreak occurs irregularly and is commonly associated with neutral or alkaline, calcareous soils where the spores revert to the vegetative form and multiply to infectious levels if

environmental conditions of soil, moisture, temperature, and nutrition are

optimal

Signs

and Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

The

following are the signs and symptoms of Anthrax

Acute illness is characterized by abrupt onset of;

F

ever

,

S

igns

of abdominal pain,

T

rembling

,

H

ematuria

, and blood-tinged diarrhea

.

Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Pregnant animals may abort

Milk production in lactating animals often decline or is tinged with blood.

Ventral subcutaneous edema may be present followed by death.

Chronic infection is rare in cattle and is manifested by localized edematous swelling on the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders.

Areas most frequently involved are the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders

.

Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Indicated

drugs

or

Benzathine

q 48-72 h; or

Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Cont

…

Note: among the

tetracyclines

, doxycycline is highly lipophilic thus penetrates tissue with ease, is more completely absorbed & slowly excreted, or

Pharmacological

Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat

Cont

…

Contraindications

Penicillins

;

In animals with hypersensitivity reactions to

penicillins

Oxytetracyclines

in

animals with Renal impairment,

Pregnant animals and up to 4 weeks of age in neonates.

Erythromycin base in animals with impaired liver function

Streptomycin or

dihydrostreptomycin

sulphate is contraindicated to myasthenia gravis

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Oxytetracycline

Gastrointestinal symptoms are more severe

with oxytetracycline

among the

tetracycline

Discoloration of the teeth when used during pregnancy

Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin

sulfate

Nephrotoxicity

Ototoxicity

Neuromuscular blockage

At higher dosage calves may develop

diarrheal

Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and

Goat

Cont

….

Ciprofloxacin

Lameness and severe pain in some immature animals due to damage to weight-bearing joints when used at therapeutic doses in some immature animals.

Activity:

Brainstorming

What are the prevention and control measures for Anthrax?

Prevention and Control of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat

Cut

off infection source

Moving other animals away from the affected area is an important early action.

Vaccination

Animals should not be vaccinated within 2 months of anticipated slaughter

Antibiotics should not be administered within 1

wk

of vaccination

Animals that have died of anthrax should be burned in a closed incinerator

Public health significance

Anthrax is highly pathogenic to humans; thus care should be taken during handling of suspected cases

For

pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, REFER Students to Handout 4.1: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat

Key Points

Anthrax

is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria called Bacillus

anthracis

.

The anthrax bacterium produces spores (small resistant cells) which are capable of surviving for many years in the environment

Anthrax may present as cutaneous, inhalational or intestinal anthrax

Treatment with antibiotics is essential, particularly for inhalational anthrax

Control of anthrax in livestock herds is essential for prevention of its spread to humans

Evaluation

What

is anthrax?

What are the common signs and symptoms of anthrax in cattle and goat?

What is the pharmacological treatment of anthrax in cattle and goat?

References

Riviere

J. E.,

Papich

M. G. (2009).

Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

(9

th

Ed) Iowa, Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Hsu

W. H. (2008).

Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology

(1

st

Ed) Iowa,

Wiley-

Blackwel

Publishers

Kuafmann

J, (1996).

Parasitic infections of domestic animals

, (2

nd

ed

).Berlin,

Birkhäuser

Verlag

Press

Hoare

E. W. (2013).

A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology

(2

nd

ed

),New

York, Forgotten Books

Press

Maddison

. J. (

ed

) (2008).

Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology

, (2nd

ed

). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited

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