Introduction to Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry
Session 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry.
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Prerequisites: PST 04210 Inorganic Chemistry
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW.
|Step |Time |Activity/ |Content |
| | |Method | |
|1 |05 minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks |
|2 |15 minutes |Buzzing. |Definition of Pharmaceutical Organic|
| | |Presentation. |Chemistry. |
|3 | |Brainstorming.| |
| |35 minutes |Presentation. |Characteristics of Organic |
| | | |Compounds. |
|4 |45 minutes |Group |Importance of Organic Chemistry in |
| | |discussion. |Pharmacy. |
| | |Presentation. | |
|5 |10minutes |Presentation |Key Points |
| 6 |10 minutes |Presentation |Evaluation |
SESSION CONTENT.
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify.
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.
STEP 2: Definition of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry (15 minutes)
|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |
| |
|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |
| |
|What is a pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry? |
| |
|ALLOW few students to respond. |
| |
|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board. |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below. |
of carbon and its compounds.
o However, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, hydrogen
carbonates, carbides and cyanides are excluded.
containing carbon which are involved with design, chemical synthesis and
development of bioactive molecules (drugs).
o Medicinal Chemistry – which is devoted to discovery and
development of new agents for treating diseases.
o Biochemistry – study of the cell & analysis of its structure to
identify factors necessary for life of every cell.
o Carbon is the principle element in organic compounds; most also
contain hydrogen and others contain the halogens, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, sulphur etc.
o Occurs widely in carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, nucleic
acids, hormones and synthetic materials such as drugs, ink and
dyes.
o Major sources are petroleum, coal and natural gases.
o Other sources include wood, oils and agricultural waste products
o Biggest source of organic compounds – plants & animals
o Ability to catenate
branched chains and rings of different sizes
o Ability to form four strong single covalent bonds (tetravalency)
a 4A element in the periodic table, it can share 4 valence
electrons – tetravalent, Tend to form four strong covalent bonds
o Ability to Form Multiple Bonds
with itself.
(ii) triple bonds eg C≡C.
compounds of the same elements but single bond.
o Carbon atom can vary in oxidation state from -4 to +4
CH4 Carbon oxidation number -4
CCl4 Carbon oxidation number +4
STEP 3: Characteristics of Organic Compounds (35 minutes).
|Activity: Brainstorming (10minutes) |
| |
|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 5 |
|minutes |
| |
|What are the characteristics of organic compounds? |
| |
|ALLOW pairs to respond on the question |
| |
|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content in the table 1 below |
The following are the characteristics of organic compounds
o Carbon atom from strong covalent bonds with one another, most
organic compounds are stable because of the strong carbon -carbon
bonds, since they have a covalent nature they do not ionizes in
solution and are non-conductors of electricity.
o Carbon-hydrogen bonds are non-polar like carbon-carbon bonds; this
is because of the almost equal electro negativities of the two
elements.
o Most of the organic compounds are non-polar unless the compounds
consist of very electronegative elements like chlorine or groups
like the hydroxyl group, they cannot therefore form bonds with
water molecules (insoluble in water).
o If an organic compound contain polar groups hydrogen bond can form
between polar group in the molecule of organic compound and the
water molecule.
o For the example ethanol molecule contains a hydroxyl group which is
polar, so it is soluble in water.
o Organic compounds generally have low melting and boiling points
than inorganic compounds; this is because these compounds possess
relatively weak intermolecular bonds which can easily broke by heat
energy.
o Many organic compounds are; thermally unstable, decomposing into
simpler molecules when heated to temperature above 5000C.
o However, this property is sometimes of commercial importance as in
the cracking of petroleum.
o This property is very useful in the fractional distillation of
crude oils.
o Most organic compounds are flammable (catch fire easily) and burn
exothermically in a plentiful supply of air to yield carbon (IV)
oxide and water.
o Thus, most fuels such as woods, coal, oil, petrol and natural gas
are organic, and their combustion provides our main source of heat
energy.
o Reactions involving organic compounds tend to be much slower than
the ionic reactions commonly encountered in inorganic Chemistry.
o They usually require heating, thoroughly mixing and catalyst to
speed up the reaction.
STEP 4: Importance of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry (45 minutes).
|Activity: Small Group Discussion (20 minutes) |
| |
|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups. |
| |
|ASK students to discuss on the following question |
|What is the importance of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry? |
| |
|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes. |
| |
|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned. |
| |
|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below. |
The following are the importance of pharmaceutical organic chemistry
o Many medicines (most of which are organic compounds) come from
natural source in which the right extraction will benefit human
health.
o Moreover, medicines from organic compounds tend to be safer
compared to medicines from laboratory experiments.
o Example cambogia from mangosteen that helps to treat cancer and
prevents cell damage.
o Knowledge of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry can also help in
discovering the cause of disease since many diseases originate from
natural source.
o For example, in order to understand G.I.T problems scientist can
learn from the organic chemicals inside the organ such as acids and
amino acids as well as strange intrusion of the chemicals.
o This can be done in various ways, for example the study of
chemicals within brain will help to identify any disturbance inside
the brain and hence help to diagnose the disease occurring within
the brain.
o It is important that the right medicine or treatment will help
human to have better health through the attachment of proper
patterns of diet, example the amount of carbohydrate, protein,
mineral, and the level of acid in the body as well as the reaction
between two chemicals in the body helps to determine the food
intake for daily consumption and regulation of the diet based on
the balance of chemical in the body.
o In industries and laboratories organic solvents are widely used to
clear impurities. For example, in the drug extraction from plants,
the fatty matter from the pulp is removed using petroleum ether.
o Thus, organic chemistry through its knowledge of polarity,
solubility, partition factors uses solvents to separate components
for better use.
o Most of the sterilizing agents and disinfectants like phenol,
formaldehyde etc. are carbon compound.
o Due to their properties like solubility, pH, they can kill microbes
and even human body cells.
o Most substances we use like drugs, pesticides, etc. are analysed
qualitatively and quantitatively using different types of
titrations, chromatograph techniques, and spectrophotometry.
o Here the reagents used like acids or bases or reductive oxidative
species is organic in nature, further, the end point indicators in
titration are developed by organic chemistry.
STEP 5: Key Points (10 minutes)
study of carbon and its compounds
having low boiling points and melting points compared to inorganic
compounds.
other agents used in medical field, diagnosis and study of diseases.
STEP 6: Evaluation (10 minutes)
References.
States: W.B. Saunders Co.
Morrison R.T and Boyd R N (1997). Organic Chemistry (6th Ed.). New Delhi,
India: Prentice Hall of India
Graham Solomon et al (2014). Organic Chemistry (11th Ed.). New Jeysey,
United States: John Willey and Sons.
Rama R. N. (2005). Principles of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry. New
Delhi, India: MacMillan Publishers
Bruice Y (2013). Organic Chemistry (7th ed.). New York, United States:
Prentice Hall Pearson.
Delgado J. N. Et al (1998). Wilson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic
Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry (10th Ed.). California, United
States: Lippincott Williams
Bhassin S.K, Gupta R.(2013). Pharmaceutical organic chemistry (E-book
Kindle edition). New Delhi, India: Elsevier Publishing Services
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