TOPIC TWO

MOVEMENT

The Concept of Movement and Locomotion

parts such as limbs and other body part. another. But normally organisms have different kinds of movement. Plants show movement but do not show locomotion Since locomotion involves coordination between nervous muscular and skeletal system and all these system enable the organism to locomote.

The Importance of Movement in Animals and Plants Animals and plants move about to: 1, Find mate and to reproduce

• Seek and capture food
• To seek sheer, a suitable habitavelimate
• To avoid competition for food/water, living space ete
• Find water's! nutrients, and bold leaves to get maximum sunlight
• Seek and capture food
• Oblain support
• Protect themselves fram damage from; touch/pressure, pain oc sudden temperature change
• Disperse seeds

Movement and Locomotion Actions

Demonstration of movement and locomotion aw aay Ser: “Sa aRE Te Movement action a { cf x / 2S Movement of the Human Body, the Human Skeletal System

The Structures of Human Skeleton

The contraction and relaxation of muscles cause muscular movement in vertebrate organisms such as man. The muscles work together with skeletal system to support or allow movement to

‘occur. BONES, CARTILAGE, JOINTS AND MUSCLES

‘The Functions of the Major Components of the Human Skeleton and their Adaptations Major Components of the Human Skeleton includeBones, Cartilage, Joints and Muscles Bones Bones consist of living eclls embedded in a hard substance made mainly: ‘The bones are attached logether atthe joints by tough flexible fibers known as ligaments Bones are classified into long, short, irregular bones and fat.

• Short bones these are short bones, which support weight allowing for many smaller movements,

Example bones on the human feet

• Long bones these are strong, hollow and light containing spongy bone at the end. And spongy

bone has open space and holes, which contsin red marrow. which is where red cells are made.

Example bones on the legs and arms

• Flat bones these are bones, which support and protect body organs, these comprises ribs

breastbone, shoulder bones cte

• Irregular bones these bones are for support and such bones are vertebrae also human ear has

three tiny iregular bones, which conduct sound, Cartilage Besides bones, the skeletal system has tissue called cartilage. Its the strong flexible tissue that ives shape to some parts of the body The cartilage keeps hones fiom grinding against each other, between vertebrae cartilage disks act as shock absorbers Soins

HUMAN SKELETON

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The Concept of Masse

Types Macks

How Muscles Facilitate Movement

Muscles re tached bones we pont rele bring abu the boing erlghenig ofthe Lin t = the arm bends. ‘The Structure of Muncles

Structure of a Skeletal Muscle

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Skeletal Museles

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Function of Skeletal Muscles

» Skeletal muscles are concerned with the moverent of the limbs and parts of the skeleton

YOLUNTARY MUSCLES

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Smooth Muscles

Smooth (involuntary) muscles are found on the walls of internal organs such as alimentary canal blood vessels and bladder

• ‘These muscles are made up of cells which taper at both ends (spindle shaped)
• ‘The contraction ofthe smooth muscle is involuntary (iis not controlled by the brain)

Function of Smooth Muscles

The smooth muscles, which are formed in different organs contract and relax to cause movements of materis through them Example, peristalsis in alimentary canal causes movements ofthe materials through the canal with the help of smooth muscles.

INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES

Cardine Muscles

This is the type of muscle, which is found only in the heart. These muscles are made up of muscle fibers which branch and connect to each other like a network. Function

• Contraction of cardiac muscles causes the heart to keep on purnping (ie heart beat)

Causes, Effects and Preventive Measures of Muscles Cramps

A muscle cramp is an involuntary and forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax. The cramp may involve a part of muscle, the entire muscle or several muscles that usually act together. Any of the muscles that are not at our voluntary control can cramp, Sometimes it occurs when the body Jacks salt especially for those people who work hard in hot weather they sweat a Tot and get painful eramps in their legs, arms ar stomach

Causes Muscle Cramps

There are basically two major causes of muscle cramps that are:

• Lack of water or salt in the body
• Lack of oxygen in the muscles (inadequate oxygenation of muscles)

Prevention of Muscle Crampa

• Cramps from poor breathing (lack of oxygen) can be improved by rapid breathing as well as

+A muscle eramp from lick of water or Salt ean be teaied by stretching the museles and drinking many glasses of water, which contain salt so as to replace the amount of salt lost in the body

Treatment of Muscle Cramps

Applying « soft massage on the cramped muscle, stretching the muscle and applying oil ointment on the affected area, can teat a muscle eramp,

Movement in Plants

The Concept of Movement in Plants (Movement of Curvature)

Generally plants do not show locomotion (movement of the entire organism), However, movement of individual plant organs is possible and modified by sensitivity of the plant to external stimuli Plant movements in response to internal sfimuli are known as spontancous movement

Examples of these movements are metabolic conditions, disease conditions, vex ages and

parental influence Those movements shown by plants in response to external stimuli are known as induced or irritablemovements.

Types of Movement Exhibited by Plants

Normally there are two types of plant movements, which are: 1 Spontaneous movement

• Induced (iritable) movement

Spontaneous Movement is plant movement in response to internal stimuli. Example of these movements are metabolic conditions, disease conditions, vex ages and parental influences Induced or Irritable Movement is the type of plant movement shown by plants in response to external stimuli, Light, temperature, gravity, touch, water and chemical substances are examples of induced movement Induced movements include pastic movement, tactic movement and tropic movement

STIMULI

• Light

» Chemicals

• Water
• Temperature
• Contact
• Gravity

Tropic Movements i Plants

• —Chemotropism (Chemotropic) which 1s. a growth moyement made by plants towards chemicals