NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04105

Introduction to Pharmaceutical Calculations

Pharmaceutical Calculations • Source Session/Topic 1

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Session 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Calculations

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Prerequisites

• None

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• Define pharmaceutical calculations

• Explain the importance of pharmaceutical calculation

• Describe Arabic and Roman numerals

• Convert Arabic numerals to Roman numerals and vice versa

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers

SESSION OVERVIEW

|3 | |Presentation | |

SESSION CONTENT

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Definition of Pharmaceutical Calculations (15 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|What is a pharmaceutical calculation? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

Pharmaceutical calculations is the area of study that applies the basic

principles of mathematics to the preparation and safe and effective use of

pharmaceuticals

• Pharmaceutical Calculations is the subject which deals with calculations

performed by pharmaceutical personnel in order to determine the following:

o Dose, dosage and course of medicines that need to be dispensed as

indicated in the prescription

o Quantity of various ingredients needed for a given standard

formulation during compounding of medicines

• In more advanced settings, pharmaceutical calculations helps to

determine:

o Chemical purity physical characteristics and biological parameters of

drug substances, pharmaceutical ingredients , dosage forms and drug

delivery systems

o Drug stability, rates of drug degradation and shelf life of

pharmaceutical preparations

o Rates of drug absorption, bodily distribution , metabolism and

elimination

STEP 3: Importance of Pharmaceutical Calculations (15 minutes)

|Activity: Buzzing (10minutes) |

| |

|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 5 |

|minutes |

| |

|What is the importance of Pharmaceutical Calculations? |

| |

|ALLOW pairs to respond on the question |

| |

|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content in the table 1 below |

The following are the importance of Pharmaceutical Calculations:

• It ensures that patients receive right quantities of their medications

as indicated in the prescription

• Monitoring of patient compliance

• It helps pharmaceutical personnel to determine correct doses of

medicines in medication orders requiring compounding

• It helps in the design, development of new drugs and clinical drug

studies

• The use of calculations in pharmacy is varied and broad-based as it

encompasses calculations performed by pharmaceutical personnel in the

following areas:

o Hospital pharmacy

o Community Pharmacy

o Pharmaceutical industry

o Academia

STEP 4: Arabic and Roman Numerals (35 minutes)

• Arabic numeral

o Arabic system of notation is properly called a decimal system, with

only 10 figures –a zero and nine digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)

o Any number can be expressed by an ingenious system in which different

values are assigned to the digits according to the place they occupy

in a row

• Roman numerals

o Is the system of notation expresses a fairly large numbers by the use

of a few letters of the alphabet in a simple ‘positional’ notation

adding to or subtracting from a succession of bases extending from 1

through 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 to 1000 for example IX, XXC, CD and CM

|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) |

| |

|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |

| |

|ASK students to discuss on the following question |

|Write different numbers of Arabic and Roman numerals |

| |

|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |

| |

|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |

• The following are Roman numerals and its corresponding Arabic numerals

|ii = 2 |xv = 15 |Lxxvii = 77|dv = 505 |mc = 1100 |

|iii = 3 |xx = 20 |Lxxxviii = |dx = 510 |md = 1500 |

| | |88 | | |

|vi = 6 |xxii = 22 |ci = 101 |dl = 550 |mdclxvi = 1666 |

|vii = 7 |xxxiii = 33|cv = 105 |dc = 600 |mm = 2000 |

|iii = 8 |Li= 51 |cx = 110 |mi = 1001 |mcdxcii = 1492 |

|xi = 11 |Lv = 55 |cL = 150 |mv = 1005 |mcmxcv = 1995 |

|xii = 12 |Lx = 60 |cc = 200 |mx = 1010 |mdcccxiv = 1814|

|xii = 13 |Lxvi = 66 |di = 501 |ml = 1050 |mdcccxxi = 1821|

STEP 5: Convertion of Arabic Numerals to Roman Numerals and (35

minutes)

|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 20 minutes) |

| |

|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |

| |

|ASK students to discuss on the following question |

|Convert the following Arabic numerals to Roman numerals |

|1, 5, 7, 9, 15, 27, 50, 70, 90, 100, and 550 |

|Convert the following Roman numerals to Arabic numerals. xiii, xxix, |

|xxxv, xLix , xc, xcix, cxLix , D, cmxcix, mcdxcix |

|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |

| |

|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |

The following are the solutions of the above exercise

|1 = i |Xxiii = 23 |

|5 = v |Xxix = 29 |

|7 = vii |Xxxv = 35 |

|9 = ix |XLix = 49 |

|15 = xv |Xc = 90 |

|27 = xxvii |Xcix = 99 |

|50 = L |CxLix = 149 |

|70 = Lxx |D = 500 |

|90 = xc |Cmxcix = 999 |

|100 = c |Mcdxcix = 1499 |

|550 = Dl |Mm = 2000 |

STEP 6: Key Points (10 minutes)

• Accurately performing pharmaceutical calculations is a critical component

in providing patient care in every pharmacy practice environment

• Arabic system of notation is properly called a decimal system, with only

10 figures –a zero and nine digits

• In the Roman numeral system, the basic "digits" are the letters I, V, X,

L, C, D, and M which represent the same numbers regardless of their

position

• When the higher numeral is placed before a lower numeral, the values of

each Roman numeral are added

• When smaller values precede larger values, the smaller values are

subtracted from the larger values, and the result is added to the total

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

• What is a pharmaceutical calculations?

• What is the importance of pharmaceutical calculations?

• What is Arabic numerals?

• What is Roman numerals?

References

Ansel, H. C and Stocklosa, M. J. (2001). Pharmaceutical Calculations (11th

ed.). Philadelphia, United States: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS

Ansel, H.C (2010). Pharmaceutical Calculations (13th ed.). Philadelphia,

United States: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS

Rees, J.A, Smith, I & Smith B. (2011). Introduction to Pharmaceutical

Calculations (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom: Pharmaceutical Press

Senya, S. S, Mwasha, C.Y, Muyinga, A. M, Amiri,R. I. and Mauga E.A.S.K.

(2011) Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar eS Salaam,

Tanzania: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences.

Zatz, J.L and Teixeira, M.G. (2005). Pharmaceutical Calculation (4th ed.).

New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc

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