NTA Level 4 • Semester 1 • PST04104

Liquid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms for Internal Use

Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms • Source Session/Topic 4

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Session 4: Liquid Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms for Internal Use

Total Session Time: 120 minutes + 2 hours assignment

Pre-requisites

• Session 1 : Introduction to dosage forms

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• Define Oral Liquid Dosage Form

• Describe the Preparation of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms

• Explain the Types of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms

• List the Advantages and Disadvantages of Oral liquid Dosage Forms

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board, chalk and whiteboard markers

• Projector

• Computer

SESSION OVERVIEW

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Definition and Preparation of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms (20 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|What is oral liquid dosage form? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

• Oral liquid dosage forms are essentially pharmaceutical products in a

liquid form that involves the mixing of active drug component and non-

drug components (excipient) to the suitable vehicle for oral use

• They are usually prepared by:

o Dissolving drug substance in to aqueous or non-aqueous (e.g. ether,

alcohol, glycerine) solvent

o Suspending the drug in appropriate medium

o Incorporating the drug substance into water or oil phases

• The preparation is done by the following stages :

o Selection of small bottles and corks

o Weighting of ingredients

o Measurement of solvent(s)

o Dissolution

o Percolation or filtration

o Packaging

STEP 3: Types of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms (60 minutes)

|Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 30 minutes) |

| |

|DIVIDE students into small manageable groups |

| |

|ASK students to discuss on the following question |

|What are the different types of oral liquid dosage forms? |

| |

|ALLOW students to discuss for 15 minutes |

| |

|ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below |

• The types of oral liquid dosage forms include :

o Syrups

▪ These are concentrated aqueous solutions of sucrose or other sugars

to which medicaments or flavouring agents may be added

▪ Glycerol, sorbitol or any other polyhydric alcohol are sometimes

added in small amounts to medicated syrups to retard crystallization

of sucrose or increase solubility of other ingredients

▪ Flavouring syrups are usually used as vehicles or flavours for

extemporaneous preparations

o Elixirs

▪ These are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral

use

▪ Available in liquid form for drugs which are stable in moisture and

as flavoured powder or granules for reconstitution with water

immediately before administration

▪ Paediatric elixirs are usually formulated with a fruit syrup as a

base flavouring agent

▪ Dose is measured in 5mL or using a volumetric dropper

o Linctuses

▪ Are viscous preparations usually prescribed for the relief of cough

▪ These preparations consist of the active pharmaceutical ingredient

in high concentration of sucrose and other sweetening agents

▪ Usually possesses demulcent, expectorant or sedative properties

▪ The vehicle syrup has soothing effect on the soar mucous membrane of

the throat

o Suspensions

▪ Belongs to heterogeneous system

▪ The insoluble solid is dispersed as small particle in a liquid

▪ The solid is called the dispersed phase and the liquid is called

continuous phase or dispersion medium

▪ The dispersion medium is usually aqueous but may occasionally be

oily

o Mixtures

▪ Are liquid oral preparations consisting of one or more medicaments

dissolved or suspended in an aqueous vehicle, or occasionally in a

suitable non aqueous vehicle

o Solution

▪ A solution is a clear, homogeneous liquid dosage form that contains

one or more chemical substances dissolved in a solvent or mixture of

mutually miscible solvents

o Emulsions

▪ Is one of heterogeneous liquid dosage forms

▪ Consist of two immiscible phases one of which is finely subdivided

and uniformly dispersed in the other, the continuous phase

▪ The system is stabilized by the presence of an emulsifying agent

(emulgent)

▪ There are two main types of emulsions which are oil in water and

water in oil emulsions

STEP 4: Advantages and Disadvantages of Oral Liquid Dosage Forms (15

minutes)

|Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes) |

| |

|ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 |

|minutes |

| |

|What are the advantages and disadvantages of oral liquid dosage forms? |

| |

|ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not |

|mentioned |

| |

|WRITE their response on the flip chart/board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below |

• Advantages

o They are better for patients who have trouble swallowing solid dosage

forms

o Faster absorption than solids

o More flexibility in achieving the proper dosage of medication

o Best choice for children and old age individuals

o Syrups have ability to mask bad tastes

• Disadvantages

o Shorter shelve life than other dosage forms

o Harder to measure accuracy

o Need special storage conditions

o Less stable

o Easily affected by microorganisms

o Bulky to carry around

o Easy to loss by the breakage of the container

STEP 5: Key Points (5 minutes)

• Oral liquid dosage forms are liquid pharmaceutical preparations for

oral use

• They includes syrups, suspensions, mixtures, linctuses, elixirs and

emulsions

• They are the best choice for children and old age persons and those

who find difficulties in swallowing solid pharmaceutical dosage forms

STEP 6: Evaluation (5 minutes)

• How are oral liquid dosage forms prepared?

• What are the types of liquid dosage forms?

• What are advantages of using liquid dosage forms?

STEP 7: Assignment (10 minutes)

|Activity: Take home Assignment (10 minutes) |

| |

|DIVIDE students in groups or individual. |

| |

|ASK the students to work on the following assignment |

| |

|Define extemporaneous preparation |

|Explain how will you prepare and pack an extemporaneous suspension of |

|furosemide tablets for a child who cannot take a solid dosage form |

| |

|ALLOCATE time for students to do the assignment and submit |

| |

|REFER students to recommended references |

References

Aulton, M.E.,Taylor, M.K. (2001). Pharmaceutics: The Science of dosage form

design

(2nd ed.). USA: Churchill Livingstone.

Cooper, J.W., Gunns, C., & Carter, S.J. (2008). Dispensing for

Pharmaceutical Students

(12th end). Delhi, India: CBS Publishers and Distributors.

Rawlins, E.A. (2001).Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics (8th ed.). London,

UK:

Bailliere Tindall.

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