Physics Form One Notes – Structure and Properties of Matter
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STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Structure of Matter
State of matter is defined in terms of the phase transitions which indicate the change in structure
and properties. Solids, liquids and gases all are made up of microscopic particles. The behavior
of all these particles also varies in three phases.
The Concept of Matter
Explain the concept of matter
Matter is anything, such as a solid, liquid or gas, that has weight (mass) and occupies space. For
anything to occupy space, it must have volume.
The Particular Nature of Matter
Justify the particulate nature of matter
Matter is made up of tiny particles. The particles are atom or molecules, examples of substances,
which are made up of atoms, are: gold, copper, Argon and silver; and those made up of
molecules includes oxygen, water and ammonia.
+ In solid, storm’s attractive forces hold molecules together so that they are not free to
move but they can only vibrate about their mean positions.
+ In liquids there are weak forces of attraction between molecules therefore the molecules
are free to move randomly. The distances between molecules in liquids are therefore are larger
than in solids.
In case of gases the molecules experience very weak forces of attraction and hence they are free
to move randomly filling the whole space of the containing vessel. The distances between
molecules in gases are comparatively greater than those in solids and liquids as shown in the
figure above
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INTERMOLECULAR SPACES IN SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES
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Demonstration to show the intermolecular space in solids, liquid and gases.
The Kinetic Theory of Matter
Explain the kinetic theory of matter
Generally, when solid particles are placed in the source of lead the particles tends to move from
hot area to cold areas. These particles move because it gains energy that called it Kinetic energy.
Kinetic theory of matter sometimes attempts to explain how properties of gases like pressure,
temperature and volume remain in constant motion.
‘There are three main parts of the Kinetic theory of matter. This includes
1 Matter is made up of tiny invisible part.
2. Matter comes in different sizes,
3. There is a point that the smallest particles of matter can be the fastest.
Therefore kinetic theory of matter states, “All matter is composed of small particles’Or
“Particles of matter are in steady motion and that all impacts between the units of matter are
completely elastic”
Three States of Matter
Classify three states of matter
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‘There are three states of matter, namely:
1. Solid state
2. Liquid state
3. Gaseous state
Solid state is the state of matter, which include solid materials, in which the intermolecular force
between molecules are greatest and distance between molecules is small. Examples of solid state
are wood, iron, ete
Liquid sate is the one of the state of matter in which the intermolecular forces are low compared
to solid state, there is greater distance between one molecule and another. See on figure 1.0 (b)
examples water, soda, kerosene, and petroleum.
Gaseous state is the state of matter in which there is no intermolecular forces between molecules
hence molecules are free to move from one place to another examples of gases are hydrogen,
oxygen, carbon dioxide gas
Difference between solid state, liquid state and gaseous state of matter
Solid state Liquid state Gaseous state.
It concerns with solid matter Itconcems with liquids/ fluids matter It concems with gases
Have high intermolecular Low intermolecular force No intermolecular force
No distance between molecules There is little distance between molecules Molecules are far from each fther
Good examples are iron materials, Good examples are water, soda, kerosene Good examples are oxygin a
woods ete and petrol hydrogen
Rownian Movement
According to Robert Brown: Brownian movement refers to the irregular motion of tiny
particles suspended in fluid (liquid organs). Consider the demonstrationbelow
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Robert Brown, an English Botanist, powered some pollen grain in water and observed that
particles floating in the water were darting about.
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‘The irregular motion of tiny particles suspended in a fluid (fluid or gas) is called Brownian
movement.
‘The tiny particles dart about because liquid molecules that are in state of motion bombard them.
Elasticity
The Concept of Elasticity
Explain the concept of elasticity
When a force is applied to a body the dimension of the body is usually altered. If an iron wire is
stretched by small force applied to it longitudinally, the wire returns to its original shape and size
when the force is removed
Elasticity can be defined as the property of the iron wire by which it recovers its original shape
and size on removal of the stretching force.
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The Relationship between Tension and Extension of a Loaded Elastic
Material
Justify the relationship between tension and extension of a loaded elastic material
Consider the graph below:
Point A is called the elastic limit. The straight region OA of the graph has a slope K given by the
ratio
c
b “eg
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K= Tension/Extension
‘The ratio is called the force constant or coefficient of stiffness of the wire and it is expressed in
newton per metre (N/M)
The Application of Elasticity in Real Life
Identify the applications of elasticity in real life
In everyday life we often actually do the activities that are concerned with the application of
physics. Here are some of the application of physics in everyday life especially in the application
of Elasticity:
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+ Spring mattress. When you sit or sleep on a spring mattress, futon style push your weight.
Pressured by the compressed spring mattress. Due to the nature of its elasticity, stretch a spring
mattress again. Spring will be stretched and compressed, and so on.
* Spring that is used as shock absorbers on motorcycles. Springs used in the suspension
systems of motor vehicles. The purpose of this is to dampen spring a surprise when a motorcycle
driven through an uneven road surface
+ Another simple example and that you may often come across is the catapult. When it was
about to shoot birds with catapults for example, rubber slingshots first stretch (given the gravity).
Due to the nature of its elasticity, long rubber slingshots will retumn to normal after a tensile force
is removed.
Adhesion and Cohesion
The Concept of Adhesion and Cohesion
Explain the concept adhesion and cohesion
Matter is made up of molecules. That exerts force of attraction. This force of attraction may be
either Cohesion or Adhesion.
+ Cohesion is the force of attraction between the molecules of the same substance, example
water to water molecules.
+ Adhesion is the force of attraction between the molecule of different substances example
water to glass molecules.
Water molecules can experience the force of cohesion among themselves, where water
molecules and glass molecules will experience force of adhesion.
Definite shapes of a solid are due to strong cohesion force among its molecules,
Shapes and meniscus of a liquid
When we carried out activities involving determination of volume in a liquid ring and measuring
cylinder. The description indicated that the surface of the liquid was carved, forming a meniscus,
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and that the volume must be read at the bottom or top of the meniscus, depending on the liquid
used. For mercury, the top of the meniscus is read.
The formation of a meniscus in a liquid is due to forces of adhesion between the liquid and the
walls of the container. The adhesion of the liquid such as water to the wall of a vessel causes an
upward force on the liquid at the edge.
SHAPES OF LIQUID MINISCUS
=
convex meniscus eg. concave meniscus Pg.
mercury in a test tube water in a test tube]
The opposite takes place in mercury, the meniscus of water curves upwards forming a concave
shape. When a drop of each liquid, mercury and water are placed on a glass sheet, water spreads
further unlike mercury, because of mercury’s high cohesion force among its particle
Why water wets the glass?
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Why methanol does not wet the glass?
Applications of Adhesion and Cohesion in Daily Life
Identify the applications of adhesion and cohesion in daily life
Application include the following
1. To stick two different objects together. Here we use the adhesive effects of tape or glue
2. Adhesion can also be used to remove harmful materials such as bacteria from drinking
water. Adhesive forces are the source attraction substance.
3. Cohesion assists in transport of water in plants and animals by allowing one molecule to
pull others along with it.
4. The bodies of plants and animals also use the cohesion of tissue to repair damage.
5. Ink sticks on paper because of adhesive force between the paper and ink.
Surface Tension
The Concept of Surface Tension
Explain the concept of surface tension
While you may not be able to walk on water, water stride does. This is due to the property of
liquid, which is known as surface tension.
Surface tension is the ability of the molecules on the surface of a liquid to attract and stick to
each other allowing them to resist an external force. Surface tension enables insects such as
water strides and mosquitoes to walk on water. It allows small objects even metallic ones such as
needles and razor blades to float on the surface of water.
Surface tension is a resultant attractive force between molecules in a liquid. The molecules
below the surface liquid have forces of attraction between neighbouring particles. However
molecules at the surface have no neighbouring molecules above them. This makes them have
stronger attractive force than their nearest neighbours on the surface.
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However, when some detergent is added to water, the same objects sink to the bottom of the
trough. This means that the detergent interfered with the surface of the liquid so decreasing the
tension of the water surface.
SURFACE TENSION BTN WATER MOLECULES
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Detergents are example of surfactants. A surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface
tension of a liquid.
Note: the term surfactant is an aerogun for surface-active agent.
Surface tension is affected by the following
. Nature of the liquid
. Contamination/impurities
. Temperature
Application at surface tension:
1 In extraction of impurities dating laboratory process.
2. Surfactants are also used to make emulsion of liquid like oil and water.
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3. Incleaning action of soap
Applications of Surface Tension in Daily Life
Identify the applications of surface tension in daily life
Application at surface tension
1. Inextraction of impurities dating laboratory process
2. Surfactants are also used to make emulsion of liquid like oil and water.
3. Incleaning action of soap
Capillarity
The Concept of Capillarity
Explain the concept of capillarity
‘This is the tendency of a liquid to rise in narrow tubes or to be drawn into small openings such as
those between the fibres of a towel. Capillarity can pull a column of liquid upward until the
weight of liquid becomes greater than the surface tension.
In a tube, capillarity depends on the tube’s diameter but weight of water column depends on
other factors besides it.
‘The smaller the radius of the tube the higher the liquid will rise in it. This implies that capillarity
height is immensely proportional to the diameter of the tube.
By definition
Capillarity is defined as the tendency of liquid to rise in narrow tubes or to be drawn into small
openings such as those between the fibres of a towel.
Capillarity action is the ability of a liquid to raise or fall in a narrow tube.
Note:
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CAPILLARITY IN RISE AND FALL
1. Capillarity depends on the type of liquid. For example if you dip capillarity tube in water
the water rises in the tube and above the level of the water in the vessel.
2. If the tube is dipped in mercury, the liquid does not rise in the tube. It suffers capillarity
depression,
Applications of Capillarity in Daily Life
Identify the applications of capillarity in daily life
‘The application includes:
1. Capillarity is essential to plants and animals.
2. In plants, it facilitates the transport of water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves
where photosynthesis produces the plants food. In animals it assists in the circulation of blood
3. Capillarity promotes the movement of ground water.
4. Itis the principles on which paper and fabric towels work to absorb water.
5. Cotton clothing in hot climates uses capillarity action to draw perspiration away from the
body.
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6. Inan oil or kerosene lamp capillarity draws the fuel up into the wicker where it can be
burnt
7. Awriting Rubin splits in the middle so that a fine capillary is formed.
Osmosis
The Concept of Osmosis
Explain the concept of osmosis
Defined as the movement of a solvent from a region of low concentration through semi
permeable membrane.
Particles will diffuse through the membrane in an attempt to equalize the concentration on either
side. E.g. two solutions of different concentration separated by a semi permeable membrane. The
membrane is permeable to the smaller solvent molecules but not to the larger solute molecules.
Osmosis stops when the concentration becomes the same on either side of the membrane
Osmosis stops when the concentration becomes the same on either side of the membrane.
OSMOSIS
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Applications of Osmosis in Daily Life
Identify the applications of osmosis in daily life
Applications of osmosis in daily life:
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1. Control the movement of water and nutrients in and out of the cell.
2 Filtration processes.
3. Removal of harmful ingredients from drinking water.
4. Removing salt from seawater so as to make it suitable for drinking and for other domestic
uses,
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