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DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Radiology Department And Its Channel Of Communications CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Radiology Department And Its Channel Of Communications using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Session Description The Radiographer and the X-ray Department The Radiographer’s Code of Professional Conduct / Responsibility 1. Clinical Responsibility: Clinical responsibility (2) 2. Ethical Responsibility: 2. Ethical Responsibility (2): 3. Legal responsibility: Code of ethics for the Radiographer Code of ethics for the Radiographer (2) Code of ethics for the Radiographer (3) Departmental Records Departmental Records (2) Departmental records (3) General Health Record Content – As Per JCAHO Standards General Health Record Content – As Per JCAHO Standards (2) The importance of records The Importance of Records (2) The Medical Records in Radiology Patient Records Using PACS and HIS Patient Records Using PACS and HIS (2) The Importance of Patient Records In The X-ray Department The Importance of Appointment Procedures and Minimizing the Patient Waiting Time. Why Is Patient Scheduling So Important? Why Is Patient Scheduling So Important (2)? The 6 Best Patient Appointment Scheduling Practices The 6 Best Patient Appointment Scheduling Practices (2) 2. Prioritize Appointments Radiology Department And Its Channel Of Communications 3. Create an Automated Patient Wait List … 4. Confirm Appointments with Text and Email 5. Use automated outreach, follow-up, and recall for patients 6. Automate Responses to Routine Questions Evaluation: Session Description Level: NTA LEVEL 4 Session duration: 2 Hours The Radiographer and the X-ray Department At the end of this unit, students should be able to: Describe the radiographer’s code of professional conduct Explain the departmental records and their importance in the x-ray department Discuss the importance of appointment procedures and minimizing the patient waiting time. The Radiographer’s Code of Professional Conduct / Responsibility The radiographer has three major responsibilities to a patient: (a) Clinical responsibility Ethical responsibility Legal responsibility 1. Clinical Responsibility: Personal qualities Sympathetic Understanding Cheerful Interested in the patient Appearing qualities – Smiling Clean and tidy Caring Clinical responsibility (2) Communicating qualities: Addressing patients by names and portfolios Be friendly Convey confidence in one’s ability to take control of the Situation. (e) Performance qualities Knowledge Skills Attitude 2. Ethical Responsibility: Ethics is the science of human duty in its widest extent. Radiographer in ethics must understand that he/she has both a human need and a professional obligation. He/she has to believe that: Human life is worth saving Conditions of our fellows are worth alleviating Human rights exist Thus radiographers must ask themselves: Do these problems apply to ourselves? We most of the time deal with patients and thus: We make decisions about patients 2. Ethical Responsibility (2): We undertake upon them procedures which potentially can have far- reaching effects on their lives and well being. Radiographers have to know that they have two special legal elements: Description of speech absolute necessity not to reveal information about patients Radiation hazard – to give the smallest dose which is necessary. 3. Legal responsibility: When something has gone wrong during your work in the following areas. The Radiographer and the hospital: The patient and the staff Management aspect – Radiologist/ Radiographer Code of ethics for the Radiographer Definition – They are commandments of the radiographers’ work Contents The radiographer shall conduct him/herself in a manner compatible with the dignity of the profession The radiographer shall provide services with consideration of human dignity and the uniqueness of the patient, unrestricted by considerations of age, sex, race, creed, social or economic status, handicap, personal attributes or the nature of the health problem. Code of ethics for the Radiographer (2) The radiographer shall make every effort to protect all patients from unnecessary radiations The radiographer should exercise and accept responsibility for independent discretion and judgment in the performance of his/her professional services. The radiographer shall judicially protect the patient’s right to privacy and shall maintain all patient information in the strictest confidence The radiographer shall apply only methods of technology founded upon a scientific basis and not accept those methods of technology that violate this principle Code of ethics for the Radiographer (3) The radiographer shall not diagnose. In recognition of their responsibility to the patient, they shall provide the physician with all information they have relative to radiological diagnosis or patient management. The radiographer shall be responsible for reporting unethical conduct and illegal professional activities to the appropriate authorities. The radiographer should continually strive to improve their knowledge and skills by participating in educational and professional activities sharing the benefits of their attainments with their colleagues. The radiographer should protect the public from misinformation and misrepresentation. Departmental Records Meaning: Departmental records are information regarding any activity pertaining to medical care services given to patients and all other activities carried out in the hospital department such as the radiology and imaging department. Health records are permanent or long lasting documents of all patient care information that applies to an individual. Standards for the maintenance and the adequacy of health records have been established by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health care Organization (JCAHO). These standards have been established as a part of information management standards for the hospital operations. Departmental Records (2) Departmental records Are health information stored or kept in the department. The patient care information in the department can be stored in either paper based or computer based (hard copy or in miniaturized, ‘’microfilmed’’ or computerized form) The department has been organized and staffed to provide adequate record management, system and practices that facilitate the use of health records and protect the content of the record against unauthorized disclosure. Departmental records (3) The radiology order or request for services may include the following; Patient demographic information (i.e. name, number, other identifying information) along with procedure being requested. Identification of the physician ordering the procedure. Results of the procedure are documented (therapeutic and nuclear) General Health Record Content – As Per JCAHO Standards The health record

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Radiation Protection Measures Patient And Public CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Radiation Protection Measures Patient And Public using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Introduction to Radiation Protection Radiation Protection for Patients 2.Patient Education 3.Use of Lead Shields 4. Minimize Exposure (Dose Optimization) Radiation Protection for the Public 2. Environmental Radiation Monitoring 3. Public Education and Awareness 4. Regulation and Legislation 5. Radiation Protection Zones Radiation Protection in Special Populations 2. Children and Infants 3. Elderly Patients RADIATION PROTECTION MEAUSRES FOR PATIENTS AND PUBLIC Introduction to Radiation Protection Define radiation protection Types of radiation Describe principles of Radiation Protection Radiation Protection for Patients Justification of Imaging Procedures -Ensure that any radiological procedure is medically necessary and provides valuable diagnostic information or treatment benefits. Prior to imaging, healthcare providers must evaluate whether the clinical benefit (e.g., confirming a diagnosis, guiding treatment) outweighs the potential harm from radiation. 2.Patient Education -Inform patients about the procedure and potential risks associated with radiation exposure. Clearly explain the purpose of the imaging procedure, the expected outcomes, and how the radiation used will help with diagnosis or treatment. Address concerns and provide information on safety measures in place to minimize exposure. 3.Use of Lead Shields -Use lead or lead-equivalent shields to protect sensitive areas from unnecessary radiation exposure. Shielding the reproductive organs to prevent genetic damage. Using thyroid collars to protect the thyroid gland during imaging, especially in neck or head scans. Protecting the eyes during certain imaging procedures like dental X-rays or chest radiographs. Lead shields should be applied in areas that do not interfere with the diagnostic imaging. 4. Minimize Exposure (Dose Optimization) -Use the lowest radiation dose necessary to obtain accurate imaging results (ALARA principle). -Where possible, employ low-dose imaging techniques, especially in pediatric patients or those with multiple imaging needs. -Use the latest imaging technologies such as digital radiography, which often requires lower radiation doses compared to traditional film-based X-rays. -Select imaging protocols based on patient characteristics (e.g., age, size) and clinical indications to minimize unnecessary radiation exposure Radiation Protection for the Public Control of Radiation Emissions -Implement measures to control and minimize radiation emissions from medical facilities, nuclear power plants, and other radiation sources. -Ensure that radiation-emitting devices, like X-ray machines, are properly maintained and calibrated to prevent unnecessary radiation leakage. -Implement strict safety protocols for containment and handling of radioactive materials to prevent public exposure to radiation. Example: Radiation containment zones around radiology departments, with barriers to limit exposure to the surrounding public. 2. Environmental Radiation Monitoring -Continuously monitor environmental radiation levels to ensure that the public is not exposed to harmful levels of radiation. Regular monitoring of radiation levels in areas surrounding hospitals, diagnostic centers, and nuclear facilities. Establish emergency response plans in case of radiation leaks or accidents, including evacuation procedures and communication with the public. Air and soil sampling around nuclear power plants or hospitals to ensure radiation levels remain within safe limits 3. Public Education and Awareness -Educate the public on radiation risks, safety practices, and the measures in place to protect them. Launch campaigns to inform the public about the potential sources of radiation in their environment and how they are being protected. Provide clear guidelines on what actions individuals can take to minimize their exposure (e.g., avoiding unnecessary medical imaging). 4. Regulation and Legislation -Enforce laws and regulations to protect the public from excessive radiation exposure and ensure radiation safety standards are met. Organizations like the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), and local government agencies oversee radiation protection practices. Regulations must be in place to ensure that the amount of radiation released into the environment, whether from medical facilities or other sources, remains within legal limits. 5. Radiation Protection Zones -Establish controlled and restricted areas to prevent unnecessary radiation exposure to the public in high-risk environments. Designate specific areas within medical facilities (e.g., radiology departments) where radiation exposure is higher and access is restricted to authorized personnel only. Radiation Protection in Special Populations Pregnant Women -Special care must be taken when imaging pregnant women to minimize radiation exposure to both the mother and the fetus. Application: Justification: Imaging procedures should only be performed when absolutely necessary and when the benefits outweigh the risks to the mother and fetus. Alternative Imaging Techniques: If possible, use non-radiation-based imaging techniques such as ultrasound or MRI. Use of Shielding: If radiological procedures are necessary, use lead shielding to protect the abdomen from radiation. Timing of Imaging: Avoid imaging during the first trimester, when fetal development is most sensitive to radiation. 2. Children and Infants -Children and infants are more sensitive to radiation, and extra precautions should be taken to minimize exposure. Application: Justification: Imaging should be performed only when the clinical benefit clearly outweighs the risk of radiation exposure. Dose Reduction: Use pediatric-specific protocols and lower radiation doses when imaging children or infants. Shielding: Use appropriate lead shielding to protect the gonads, thyroid, and other sensitive areas. 3. Elderly Patients -Older adults may be more susceptible to radiation due to factors such as reduced tissue repair capacity and the presence of multiple comorbidities. Application: Dose Reduction: Reduce radiation exposure by tailoring imaging protocols based on the patient’s clinical needs and physical condition. Justification: Carefully evaluate the necessity of imaging and consider the potential for alternative, non-radiation-based diagnostic tools. ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Learning objective Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation Short term preparation Long term preparation Physical preparation Psychological preparation Physiological preparation Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation Learning objective Perform physical preparation of the patient for radiological examination Perform physiological preparation of the radiological examination Perform psychological preparation of patient for radiological procedures Patient preparation for radiology and imaging investigation Preparation of the patient for radiological examination is classified under the following approaches Short term preparation Long term preparation There are three type of patient preparation in radiographic investigation Physical Psychological physiological Short term preparation This involve preparing the patients in a short period of time before performing radiological examination Example removing radiopaque objects around the area being examined and rehesal of the patient in taking a deep breath and out before cxr examination. Long term preparation This involve preparing a patient for long period of time before performing an examination Example fasting a patient for un hours, days or giving drugs for abdominal preparations Physical preparation This is in most cases a short term preparation by removing radiopaque objects around the area to be examined Psychological preparation This involves a patient to be mentally prepared for examination by reassuring the patient to cope with the examination I.e. telling the patient about the procedure, time taken , painful injection during procedure Physiological preparation This involves preparing a patient by giving drugs prior to the examination Eg .giving drugs like ducolax to get rid of fecal matters in the abdominal Restriction of certain food 8n some examination ← PREVIOUS TOPICNEXT TOPIC →VIEW ALL MODULE NOTESVIEW SEMESTER NOTESVIEW ALL LEVEL NOTESALL DIAGNOSTIC RADIOLOGY NOTES Need These Notes as PDF? Need a clean, well-formatted PDF copy for offline study, revision or printing? Request the complete notes directly through WhatsApp. GET WELL-FORMATTED PDF NOTES

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE Patient Management CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study Patient Management using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic Learning Tasks The hospital The hospital (2) The mission statement or “charter” Function of hospital Hospital set –up ;organization, Staffing and Administration. Hospital “set up- organization” (2) Hospital “set up- organization” (3) Hospital “set up- organization” (4) Hospital organization chart Staffing Staffing (2) Administration Administration (2) Administration (3) Administration (4) Administration (5) Hospital procedures Hospital procedures (2) Hazards of fire and fire fighting procedures Patient Management Learning Tasks At the end of this session students should be able to: Define hospital List the function of the hospital Explain the hospital set –up organization staffing and administration List the hospital procedures Explain the hazards of fire and fire fighting procedures The hospital Is the institution which provide medical and surgical care for the sick and injured people also client people coming for medical exams/checkup). Hospitals are a central part of one of the nations largest industries, the health care industry offering a broad range of services provided by increasing by expensive personnel, equipment and technology. Hospital is governed by the executive board that establish goals, policies and financial plans and hires the directors or administrators. The hospital (2) One of the responsibility of the board is to extend the privilege of staff membership to qualified health personnel and to organize staff to cooperate in making rules that govern the profession activities. The administration makes sure suitable facilities and equipment are provided, also they should make sure that a staff of well trained professional, technical, and support personnel is present. The mission statement or “charter” Is the and guiding force that outlines the organization that outlines the organization's reason for existence and defines what should be done and how. Function of hospital Cure of the sick and injured persons(diagnosis i.e medical treatment, nursing care etc. Controlling and prevention of disease Educational advancement to its staff Making research in order to improve medical standards. Hospital set –up ;organization, Staffing and Administration. Hospital “set-up; organization” Is a structural hospital, that defines how the hospital is made up. This is mainly described by the hospital organization chart. The organization chart of the hospital demands rates how the functions within the institution are carried out The hospitals departments and services are organized provide care and clinical support services. Hospital “set up- organization” (2) The hospital is composed of: medical departments i.e.medical,surgical,obstretic,paediatric,gynaecology,psychiatric,ear-nose-throat(ENT)etc. Radiological department Laboratory Pharmacy Hospital “set up- organization” (3) Nursing Maternity Accounts Dietary Physiotherapy Medical records Maternity & child heath (MCH) Hospital “set up- organization” (4) House keeping & maintenance Purchasing Central stride supplying department Teaching Mortuary etc. Hospital organization chart BOARD OF TRUSTEES HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATOR BUSSINESS SERVICES NURSING SERVICES DIAGNOSTIC DEPARTMENT THERAPY DEPARTMENT IMAGING SERVICES OTHER SUPPORT SERVICES Staffing Is a number of right people i.e. skills and trained medical personnel that employed to perform the hospital’s function. Staffing involves getting the right people to do the work and developing their abilities so they can do the work better. The tools used by administrators to carry out the staffing functions are job descriptions and specification structural interviews, performance appraisal, the budget, wage or salary scales, orientation programe. Staffing (2) The staffing includes: Doctors Nurses Radiographers Cooks Laboratory technicians Drug dispensers Cleaners Staffing (2) Carpenters Accountants Plumbers Teachers Engineers Mortuary attendants Administration Is a hospital governing body arranged in a manner that defines which/what is responsible to whom. It is a flow of power in ruling the hospitals mission. The primary functions include; planning Charts the course of action for the future that enables coordinated and consistent fulfilled of goals and objectives Administration (2) Organizing Is the development of a structure or framework that identifies how people do their work. The division of work is essential to efficacy because it defines responsibility and authority. Staffing Involves getting the right people to do the work and developing their abilities so they can do better. The accomplishment of work needs people, and quality of work is directly related to the quality of skills of the people involved. Administration (3) Directing Involves directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, and motivating staff for the achievement of organizational goals. Controlling Defines performance standards or guidelines used to measure progress towards the goals of the organization. The hospital needs administrators observe test measure and guide( to review) daily, monthly or annually the activities and resources. Administration (4) coordinating Is a process by which the manager achieves orderly group activities and unity of effort by workers who are fully aware of a common purpose. An administrator communicates with other areas to facilitates work information and flow. The administrators includes the following; medical officer incharge Matron Administration (5) chief engineer Pharmacist Principal of schools Laboratory in charge Nurse in charge Physiotherapist in charge Store keeper etc. Hospital procedures Hospital procedures are numerous, they include; Investigation and treatment of patients Admitting patients for further investigations and management Conducting operations Attending outpatient clinics Providing food for the patients Educating hospital staff Purchasing consumable and non- consumable items Hospital procedures (2) Educating academicians of various discipline Discharging patients who have recovered Referring patients to other hospitals that have capabilities of managing complicated cases Employing staff like cleaners, sweepers etc. Hazards of fire and fire fighting procedures Fire, if it occurs hazardous and highly detrimental. It can cause a lot of damage to either hospital and patients properties, building and even may cost the lives of the people. For this reason, all hospitals are supposed to posses fire-fighting equipment in most cases, fire extinguishers are installed. Hospital workers are also educated on care of all equipment that are likely to precipitate fire; for example all equipment using current should be switched off before leaving the hospital. Incases of fire eruption, communication through proper protocol is instituted so that the fire is put off immediately before it causes harm/damage. ←

DIAGNOSTIC RADIOGRAPHY · NTA LEVEL 4 · SEMESTER ONE First Aid Kit Tools and Their Uses CRT04102 · Patient Management START READING NOTES Study First Aid Kit Tools and Their Uses using the sections below. Use the topic navigation to continue through Patient Management. Contents of This Topic PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID Learning Tasks Learning Tasks Cont.… Definition of First Aid Definition of First Aid Cont.… First Aid Kit First Aid Kit Cont.…. Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Key Points First Aid for Burns Causes of burn First Aid for burn victim First Aid for burn victim Cont.…. Evaluation References PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID DATE; 2024 Learning Tasks By the end of this session, you are expected to be able to: Define First Aid Define a First Aid Kit List items in a First Aid Kit and their uses Outline the principles of First Aid Learning Tasks Cont.… Outline procedures for providing first aid to burn victim Prepare a first aid kit Definition of First Aid First Aid is defined as the immediate care of a person injured in an incident or suffering from sudden illness. Its purpose is to: Save life Prevent further injury Definition of First Aid Cont.… Alleviate suffering Promote recovery until professional medical care becomes available, or the casualty recovers. First Aid Kit It is a bag or case containing basic medical supplies that are designed to be used on someone who is injured or suddenly becomes ill First Aid Kit Cont.…. Items in the First Aid Kit The following are some of the basic First Aid kit items Bandage tape Hot water bottle Cotton balls First Aid Kit Cont.…. Protective gears like masks, gloves, etc. Disposable facial tissues Disposable gloves (non-latex) Flashlight Gauze bandage (1 inch and 2 inch widths) First Aid Kit Cont.…. Ice bags Disposable towels Pocket mask/face shield for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Safety pins Sanitary, trauma or obstetrics and gynecology (OB) pads Soap (plain) First Aid Kit Cont.…. Sterile adhesive compresses (1 inch x 3 inches), individually packaged Sterile cotton tipped applicators, individually packaged. Sterile gauze squares (2 inches x 2 inches; 3 inches x 3 inches), individually packaged Tongue blades First Aid Kit Cont.…. Triangular bandages for slings Two crepe rollers Scissors Cotton wool Non-alcoholic wound cleaning wipes First Aid Kit Cont.…. Adhesive tape Notepad, pencil and tags Plastic face shield For outdoor activities blanket, survival bag, torch and whistle Thermometer Principles of First Aid A. First Aid priorities Assess the Situation Observe what has happened quickly and calmly Look for danger to yourself and casualty Never put yourself at risk Principles of First Aid Cont.…. B. Make the area safe Protect the casualty from danger Be aware of your limitation Assess all casualties and identify the priority needs of care using a TRIAGE system as follows: Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Red tag Need immediate care (life threatening), assist him to get immediate care. Yellow tag Need medical care within thirty minutes. Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Green tag No need of treatment. Can be kept under the reassurance of an health care professional to alleviate anxiety and allow them to relax before discharge Black Tag Deceased (No sign of Life). Principles of First Aid Cont.…. C. Primary Survey Airway Asses the airway. Can the patient talk and breathe freely? If obstructed, consider the following steps: Chin lift/Jaw thrust Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Suction if available Guedel airway/nasopharyngeal airway If possible, intubation should be done by an expert medical practitioner. NB: Keep neck in neutral position if cervical spine injury suspected Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Breathing Look, listen, and feel for adequacy in breathing. If inadequate consider; artificial ventilation, decompression and drainage of tension pneumothorax/haemothorax. Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Circulation check for pulse, stop haemorrhage, establish 2 large bore intravenous lines (14 or 16 G) if possible and administer fluids if available. Disability Assess level of consciousness using (AVPU) Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Awake Verbal response Painful response Unresponsive Principles of First Aid Cont.…. Exposure/Examination Undress the patient to examine the whole body but maintain body temperature and immobilization of the neck and spine inline to avoid secondary injury. Get Help Quickly ensure that any necessary specialist help has been summoned and is on it. Key Points First Aid Kit is a bag or case containing basic medical supplies that are designed to be used on someone who is injured or suddenly becomes ill. Common conditions requiring First Aid at our workplace includes: clothing on fire, hazardous material splashed in eye, minor cuts and puncture wounds, chemical and biological spills on the body First Aid for Burns A burn involves the destruction of skin cells, and sometimes the underlying structures of muscle, fascia and bone. It occurs when these structures absorb more heat than they can dissipate. Causes of burn Causes A. Burns Flames of fire Hot metals Electricity Lighting Strong acids and alkaline Causes of burn Exposure to sun Friction – touching a revolving wheel Gas Causes of Burn B. Scalds Boiling water Steam Tea Hot milk Oil First Aid for burn victim Stop the burning process. Remove the source of heat. if clothing catches fire, “stop, drop and roll” to smother the flames. Remove all burned clothing. Clothing may keep in the heat and cause a deeper injury. First Aid for burn victim Cont.…. Pour cool water over the burned area. Keep pouring the cool water for at least 3-5 minutes. Never put ice or cold water on a burn as it lowers body temperature and can make the burn worse. Remove all jewelry, belts, tight clothing, metal, etc. Remove from burned areas and around the victim’s neck – swelling of burned areas occurs immediately. First Aid for burn victim Cont.…. Do not apply ointments, creams or salves to wounds. These things may cause infection due to their oil base and can convert wounds to deeper injury; hold in heat and worsen the burn, and have to be washed off by a physician