NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06103

Packaging of Tablets and Capsules

Pharmaceutical Production • Source Session/Topic 20

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Session 20: Packaging of Tablets and Capsules

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Pre-requisites

• None

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• Define packaging

• List Materials used in Tablet of Packaging

• Explain Types of Packaging Materials for Tablets and Capsules

• Describe Procedures for Packaging of Tablets and Capsules

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers

• LCD projector and computer

SESSION OVERVIEW

SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning tasks and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing

STEP 2: Introduction to Packaging Materials (25 minutes)

• Packaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting

a product and providing information about the product for distribution,

storage, sale and use

• Pharmaceutical packaging is defined as the economical means of providing

presentation, protection, identification, information, convenience,

compliance, integrity and stability of the product

• Packaging for pharmaceutical uses may be glass (type I, type II, type III

and type IV), plastic (thermosetting type, thermoplastic type), rubber,

paper/cardboards or metals (aluminium, tin plated steel, stainless steel,

tin and lead)

• Importance of Packaging

o Provision of physical protection to products

o Facilitates use of the product by patient

o Provide dose control

o Identifies the product

o Helps in transmission of information (lebelling)

o Provides integrity of the product

o Provide security to the product

o Packaging promotes the product

▪ Packaging is a bridge between production and marketing

STEP 3: Characteristics of Packaging Materials (25 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|ASK students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|Mention the characteristics of packaging materials? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

• They should protect the product from environmental condition

• Should be nonreactive with the product

• Should not impart taste or odour to the product

• Should be nontoxic

• Should be adoptable to commonly high speed packaging equipment

• Should meet applicable tamper resistance requirements

Requirements of a pharmaceutical packaging are;

o Should allow easy of dispensing

o Should be child resistant but senior friendly

o Should be hemetically sealed

o Modularized machinery

STEP 4: Types of Packaging (40 minutes)

• Packaging materials are grouped into three general classes; primary,

secondary and tertiary packaging materials

• Primary Packaging

o Primary packaging is the material that envelops the product and holds

▪ Primary packaging are in direct contact with the product

▪ Provides the smallest unit of distribution or use

▪ Examples of primary packaging include aerosol spray can, blister

pack and bottles

o Blister Packaging

▪ It is a primary packaging materials used for small consumer goods

▪ Blister packs are commonly used for unit dose packaging for

tablets and capsules

▪ The principal components of pharmaceutical blister packages;

• The forming film (blister)

o It is a pocket inside which the product fits

o This pocket or cavity in the forming film is used to receive

the tablet or the capsule

o Forming film accounts for approximately 80-85% of the blister

pack

o Receives the product in deep drawn pockets

o Backing or Lidding material

▪ It is sticked over the back of the blister and makes up 15-20%

of the package

▪ Provides the base or main structural component upon which the

final blister package is built

▪ The lidding material is sealed onto the support material

• After the tablets have been properly fed to the preformed

support materials, the lidding material is sealed onto the

support material

• Temperature for sealing ranges from 140C to 300 C

▪ Materials used for backing/lidding are;

• Paper

• Paper-aluminium combination

• Aluminium foil

▪ The backing or lidding material can be push-through type,

peelable type (used to provide child resistant packing), pee-push,

tear-open and child resistant options

• Formation of a blister pack

o Thermosoftening

▪ Involves heat softening a sheet of thermoplastic resin and then

vacuum drawing the softened sheet of plastic onto a mould

▪ After cooling the sheet is released from the mould

o Filling

▪ The sheet then proceeds to the filling station for filling

o Sealing

▪ Sealing is then accomplished by lidding it with a heat sealable

backing material

o Advantages of blister packaging;

➢ Ensures product integrity

➢ Ensures product protection

➢ Provides tamper evident packaging

➢ Reduces the possibility of accidental misuse

➢ Enhances patient compliance

o Strip Package

▪ A strip package is formed by feeding two webs of a heat sealable

flexible film through a heated crimping rollers

▪ Strip packaging is used for capsules and tablets

▪ Materials used include;

• Foil laminations (for moisture sensitive products)

• Paper

• Polyethylene

• Cellophane (transparent plastic film formed from processed

cellulose)

▪ Steps involved in the formation of a strip package;

▪ The product is fed into the pocket formed between two heat

sealable flexible films

▪ Sealing is accomplished by heat crimping rollers

▪ The strip is then cut into desired number of packets in

length

o Alu-alu Packaging

▪ Alu-alu packaging means aluminium is used both at the upper and

lower side of the pack

▪ Alu-alu packaging is similar to that of blister packing

▪ But differ from blister packaging in that the forming film is

formed from aluminium foil instead of a plastic material

o Bottle Packaging

▪ Bottles are commonly used for liquid pharmaceuticals as well as

for tablets and capsules

▪ Bottle packaging involves packaging of pharmaceuticals in glass

or plastic bottles

▪ Materials used include;

For the bottle

• Polyethylene

• Polypropylene screw-cap

• Polystyrene

▪ For the mouth seal-Aluminium foil

• Secondary Packaging

o Secondary packaging are used around the primary packaging –are used to

group primary packages together

o Examples of secondary packaging include boxes, cartons

o Primary packaging is not in direct contact with the product

o Secondary packaging include;

➢ Labels and leaflets

➢ Wrapping materials

➢ Bags and sacks

➢ Collapsible and rigid cartons and boxes

➢ Moulded pulpboard containers

➢ Paper liners, linings and laminations

➢ Paper

Used as a flexible wrapper for products or as a closure material

for jars

Most are used with a liner applied either as a laminate or as a

coating

• Tertiary Packaging

o They are used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport

o Examples of tertiary packaging include barrel, container, edge

protector

STEP 5: Selection of Packaging Materials (15 minutes)

|Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes) |

| |

|Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: |

| |

|What are the factors to consider when selection a packaging materials |

|for tablets and capsules? |

| |

|ALLOW few students to respond |

| |

|WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board |

| |

|CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below |

• Choice of packaging materials depends on;

➢ The degree of protection required

➢ Compatibility with the dosage form

➢ Customer convenience e.g. size, weight of dosage form

➢ Filling method

➢ Sterilization method to be employed

➢ Cost

STEP 9: Key Points (5 minutes)

• Pharmaceutical packaging is defined as the economical means of providing

presentation, protection, identification, information, convenience,

compliance, integrity and stability of the product

• Requirements of a pharmaceutical packaging include easy of dispensing,

child resistant but senior friendly and hemetically sealed

• Packaging materials are grouped into three general classes; primary,

secondary and tertiary packaging materials

• Primary packaging include blister packaging, strip packaging, alu-alu

packaging and bottle packaging

• Secondary packaging does not directly contact the product e.g. boxes

STEP 10: Evaluation (5 minutes)

• What is packaging?

• What is the importance of packaging?

• List the types of packaging for tablets and capsules

References

Aulton M.E & Kevin M.G, (Eds): (2013) Pharmaceutics: The design and

manufacture of medicines, (4th ed.) Churchill Livingstone

Hugo and Russell (2011), Pharmaceutical Microbiology (8th ed.), Willey-

Blackwel publications

Gennaro, R. A, et.al (Eds) (1995) Remington: The Science and Practice of

Pharmacy, Volume I & II, (19th ed.): Mack Publishing Company, Easton,

Pennsylvania 18042

Liebsch, B et al. (1988): Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook, Dar es Salaam

University Press.

Lund, W. Editor (1994). The Pharmaceutical Codex, Principles and Practice

of Pharmaceutics (12th ed.): The Pharmaceutical Press, London

Polderman, J., (1990) Introduction to Pharmaceutical Production: Novib, The

Hague

Rawlins E.A, Editor: (1977) Bentley’s Textbook of Pharmaceutics, (8th ed.)

Baillie're Tindall. London Kamm, G. and Kohler, B. Editors: (1995)

Manual for Decentralized Infusion Production, Infusion Unit Project

Tanzania

Schmidt, O. (ed) (2000) Pharmaceutical Quality systems, Interpharm Press,

Colorado.

Shayne C., et al. (2008), Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook: Production

and processes, John Wiley & Sons

Watson, D. G (1999) Pharmaceutical Analysis: A Textbook for Pharmacy

Students and Pharmaceutical Chemists: Churchill Livingstone,

Edinburgh.

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