NTA Level 4 • Semester 2 • PST04211

Description of Vitamins and Minerals

Basic Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 44

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Session 44: Description of Vitamins and Minerals

Total Session Time: 120 minutes

Prerequisites

• None

Learning Tasks

By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:

• List indications of vitamins and minerals

• List Contraindications of vitamins and minerals

• Describe dose, dosage and course of vitamins and minerals

• List side effects and adverse effects of vitamins and minerals

• Describe interactions and precautions of vitamins and minerals

Resources Needed:

• Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape

• Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers

• Computer and projector

SESSION OVERVIEW

Activity/

Step Time Content

Method

1 05 minutes Presentation Introduction, Learning Tasks

Presentation/

2 20 minutes Indications of Vitamins and Minerals

Buzzing

Presentation/

3 20 minutes Contraindications of Vitamins and Minerals

brainstorming

Dose, Dosage and Course of Vitamins and

4 30 minutes Presentation

Minerals

Presentation/ Side Effects and Adverse Effects of Vitamins

5 20 minutes

brainstorming and Minerals

Interactions and Precautions of Vitamins and

6 15 minutes Presentation

Minerals

7 05 minutes Presentation Key Points

8 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation

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SESSION CONTENTS

STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (5 minutes)

READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify

ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.

STEP 2: Indications of Vitamins and Minerals (20 minutes)

Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)

ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 minutes

• What are the vitamins and minerals listed in national essential medicine list

• What are the indications of Vitamins and Minerals?

ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not mentioned

WRITE their response on the flip chart/board

CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below

• Vitamins are organic compounds and a vital nutrients that organisms require in limited

amounts

• Vitamins and minerals listed in national essential medicine list include: vitamin A,

vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium and selenium

• Indications of Vitamins and Minerals:

o Vitamin A, is used for prevention and treatment of ocular defects known as

xerophthalmia it is also used as a supplement where diet is known to be inadequate.

o Vitamin B complex, is composed of nicotinamide, thiamine and riboflavin. It is used

in management of vitamin B complex deficiencies, isoniazid induced neuropathy and

penicillin induced neuropathy

o Vitamin C is used in prevention and treatment of scurvy

o Vitamin D, the term Vitamin D is used for a range of compounds which possess the

property of preventing or treating rickets

o Vitamin E is indicated for some neuromuscular abnormalities

o Vitamin K is used for prevention and treatment of vitamin K deficiency bleeding

o Calcium gluconate used in the management of hyperphosphataemia

o Selenium is used in management of selenium deficiency

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STEP 3: Contraindications of Vitamins and Minerals (20 minutes)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

• What are the Contraindications of Vitamins and Minerals?

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

• Contraindication of vitamin and mineral

o Vitamin A, is not contra indicated to any specific group of individual

o Vitamin B complex, is not contra indicated to any specific group of individual but

should be given with caution because it may cause anaphylactic shock when given by

injection

o Vitamin C is not contra indicated to any specific group of individual

o Vitamin D is contraindicated to people with hypercalcaemia, metastatic calcification

o Vitamin E is not contra indicated to any specific group of individual neonate weighing

less than 1.5 kg

o Vitamin K neonates, infants and women in their late pregnancy.

o Calcium is contraindicated to people with all conditions associated with

hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria

o Selenium is not contra indicated to any specific group of individual

STEP 4: Dose, Dosage and Course of Vitamins and Minerals (30minutes)

• Vitamin A, in prevention of vitamin deficiency, child 1 month–5 years, 5 drops daily (5

drops contain vitamin A approx. 700 units, vitamin D approx. 300 units, ascorbic acid

approx. 20 mg) until the condition subside

• Vitamin B complex, is usually formulated as a tablet contains combination of

nicotinamide 15 mg, riboflavin 1 mg, thiamine hydrochloride 1 mg. The dose is usually

1–2 tablets daily

• Vitamin C is given prophylactically at the dose 25–75 mg daily; therapeutic, not less than

250 mg daily in divided doses

• Vitamin D, is given as oral supplement of only 10 micrograms (400 units) of

Ergocalciferol, calciferol, vitamin D2 or colecalciferol daily

• Vitamin E it is given as a supplement at the dose of 3 to 5mg daily until the condition

subsides

• Vitamin K 10–40 mg daily, adjusted as necessary; child 1–12 years, 5–10 mg daily,

adjusted as necessary, 12–18 years, 10–20 mg daily, adjusted as necessary

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• Calcium is presented as given orange flavored tablet of calcium carbonate at the dose of

2.5 g daily until the condition is corrected

• Selenium is given by mouth or by intramuscular injection or by intravenous injection,

100–500 micrograms daily until the condition is corrected

STEP 5: Side Effects and Adverse Effects of Vitamins and Minerals

(20 Minute)

Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)

Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:

• What are the side effects and adverse effects of Vitamins and Minerals

ALLOW few students to respond

WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board

CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below

• Vitamin A, side effects occurs when vitamin is given in excess rough skin, dry hair, an

enlarged liver, and a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate

• Vitamin B complex, the common side effects is sensory neuropathy when given at high

doses given for extended periods

• Vitamin C no side effects have been reported.

• Vitamin D, Symptoms of overdosage include anorexia

o Lassitude, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, polyuria,

sweating, headache, thirst, vertigo, and raised concentrations of calcium and

phosphate in plasma and urine

• Vitamin E High doses can also cause nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps, fatigue,

weakness, headache, blurred vision, rash, and bruising and bleeding.

• Vitamin K, no side effects have been reported

• Calcium the most common side effects is hypercalcaemia

• Selenium excessive intake of selenium lead to the following signs and symptoms of

selenosis include a garlic odor on the breath, gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss,

sloughing of nails, fatigue, irritability, and neurological damage. Extreme cases of

selenosis can result in cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary edema, and death

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STEP 6: Interaction and Precaution of Vitamins and Minerals (20minutes)

• Vitamin A, absorption of vitamin A is reduced by antibacterial Neomycin

• Vitamin B complex, reduces the effects of levodopa

• Vitamin C reduces absorption of selenium

• Vitamin D, increase the risk of hypercalcemia when given with thiazide diuretics

• Vitamin E Taking large amounts of vitamin E along with cyclosporine increases the

amount of cyclosporine absorbed by the body therefore increasing the effects of

cyclosporine. There is also an increased bleeding tendency when is given with antiviral

tipranovir.

• Vitamin K antagonizes the effects of coumarin

• Calcium reduces absorption of ciprofloxacin

• Selenium absorption is reduced by vitamin C

STEP 7: Key points (5 minutes)

• Vitamin A is used for prevention and treatment of xeropthalmia

• Vitamin D is used for treatment of rickets

• Vitamin B complex is a combination of nicotinamide, thiamine and riboflavin

• Vitamin D should not be given with thiazide diuretics

STEP 7: Evaluation (5 minutes)

• What are the contraindications of vitamin D?

• What is the dose of vitamin B complex?

• What are the side effects of selenium?

• Which antibiotics interact with selenium?

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References

Ministry Of Health and Social Welfare. ( 2013). Standard Treatment Guidelines & National

Essential Medicines List Tanzania Mainland (4th ed.). Dar es salaam, Tanzania

government printers.

Robert L. Talbert, Gary C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke, Barbara G. Wells &, L. Michael. (2014).

Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach (9th ed.). New York, McGraw-Hill

Education.

Sally S.R & Jeanne C.S. (2000). Introductory Clinical Pharmacology (6th ed) New York,

pincott Williams and Wilkins

School of Pharmaceutical sciences. (2011).Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook Dar es

Salaam, ARDHI University press.

The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. (2007). Martindale, the Extra acopoeia

(5TH ed). London, pharmaceutical press.

The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. (2009). British National formulary (59th

ed). London, BMJ Group and RPS Publishing.

PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide

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