General Classification of Medicines
Session 2: General Classification of Medicines
Total Session Time: 120 minutes
Prerequisites
Learning Tasks
By the end of this session students are expected to be able to:
Resources Needed:
SESSION OVERVIEW
Activity/
Step Time Content
Method
1 05 minutes Presentation Learning Tasks
Definition of Pharmacological Classes of
2 40 minutes Presentation/buzzing
Essential Medicines
Presentation/small Description Pharmacological Classes of
3 65 minutes
group discussion Essential Medicines
4 05 minutes Presentation Key Points
5 05 minutes Presentation Evaluation
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SESSION CONTENTS
STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning tasks (5 minutes)
READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify
ASK students if they have any questions before continuing.
STEP 2: Definitions of pharmacological classes of essential medicine
(40 minutes)
Activity: Buzzing (5 minutes)
ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question
ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs add on points not mentioned
WRITE their response on the flip chart/board
CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below
essential drug lists. The classes include:
o Anaethetics which are used in surgery and intubation
o Muscle relaxants which are used in surgery
o Analgesics which are used in management of pain and fever
o Anti allergies which are used in management of allergic reactions
o Antidotes which are used in counteracting the effects of a particular poison
o Anti epileptic which are used in management of epilepsy
o Anti infective which are used in management of various types of infections
o Anti-neoplastic/immunosuppressive drugs which are used in immunosuppression
especially during organ transplant and management of some cancers
o Ant parkinsonism which are used in management of Parkinson‘s disease
o Blood boaster which are used in management of anemia
o Anti coagulants which are used as blood thinner and management of thrombosis
o Cardiovascular medicines which are used in management of heart and problems
associated with blood vessels
o Dermatological medicines which are used in management of skin diseases
o Gastro intestinal medicines which are used in management of problems in
gastrointestinal tracts
o Hormone and antidiabetic medicines which are used in management of diabetes and
other hormonal diseases
o Vaccines which are used in prevention of diseases
PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide
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o Ophthalmological preparations which are used in management of eye diseases
o Medicine used in ear and nose which are used in management of ear and nose
problems
o Oxytocics which are used in management of delayed labour
o Psychotherapeutics which are used in management of psychiatric conditions
o Medicines acting on the respiratory tracts which are used in management of diseases
associated with respiratory system
o Solution correcting water and electrolyte which are used in management of fluid and
electrolyte imbalances
o Vitamins and minerals which are used in management of vitamin and mineral
deficiency
STEP 3: Description Of Pharmacological Classes of Essential Medicines
(65 Minutes)
Activity: Brainstorming (5 minutes)
Ask students to brainstorm on the following question:
ALLOW few students to respond
WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board
CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below
Examples of drugs with similar functions are:
o Anaethetics include general anaesthetic (halothane, ketamine, isoflurane and
thiopental) and local anaesthetics ( lignocaine and bupivacaine)
o Muscle relaxants include gallamine, neostigmine, pancuronium, suxamethonium
o Analgesics is for pain relief and include aspirin, paracetamol, diclofenac, ibuprofen,
indomethazine, piroxicam, mefenamic acid, naproxen, they also have antpyretic and
antinflammatory effects, narcotics such as tromadol are pain relief and they act in the
central nervous system
o Anti allergies such as chlorpheniramine, loratadine, cetirizine, adrenaline, dopamine
hydrocortisone, promethazine, dexamethasone are used in management of allergic
reactions
o Antidotes such as ipecacuanha, activated charcoal, magnesium salt and antivenom
used in counteracting the effects of poisons
o Anti epileptics (carbamazepine, diazepam, Phenobarbital, phenytoin and magnesium
sulphate) are used in management of epilepsy
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o Anti-neoplastic/immunosuppressive ( cyclophosphamide, rituximub and
prednisolone) are used in immunosuppression especially during organ transplant and
management of some cancers
o Antiparkinsonism such as benzhexol, biperidine, bromocriptine and carbidopa are
used in management of Parkinson‘s disease
o Blood boaster such as ferrous sulphate, folic acid and vitamin B12 are used in
management of anemia
o Anti coagulants such as aspirin, activated prothrombin, enoxaparin sodium, heparin,
vitamin K, protamin sulphate, streptokinase, alteplase, frozen plasma, factor viii and
factor ix are used as blood thinner and management of thrombosis
o Cardiovascular medicine; drugs used in management of heart disease and problems
associated with blood vessels, they include:
Anti anginal drugs ( glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide mono/dinitrate, nifedipine,
clopidegral and propranolol), used in management of angina
Anti arrythimic drugs, (amiodarone, verapamil, adenosine and lidocaine) are used
in management of cardiac arrhythmias
Anti-hypertensivesuch as methyldopa, captopril, nifedipine, atenolol, propranolol,
labetalol, bumetanide, peridopril, carvediol, metoprolol, amlodipine, hydralazine
and bisoprolol are used in management of hypertension
Cardiac Glycosides such as digoxine is used in management of congestive heart
failure
Diurects such as frusemide, bendrofluazide, spironolactone, mannitol and glycerol
syrup are used in management of hypertension and extracellular edema
Lipid Lowering such as simvastatin and atovastatin are used in lowering
cholesterol level in blood
o Dematological medicines are used in management of various skin conditions, they
include:
Anti-inflamatory (steroidal) and Anti-pruritic Medicines such as betamethazone,
hydrocortisone, dithranol, clobatesol propionate, para amino benzoic acid and
tretinoic acid
Fungicides (topical) such as clotrimazole, nystatin, miconazole, tolnaftate,
terbinafine and sodium thiosulphate solution
Keratoplastic and Keratolytic Agent such as silver nitrate sticks, podophyin
solution, trichloraacetic acid and sun screen protection factor
Anti-infective Agent (topical) such as oxytetracycline, retinoic acid, isotretionin,
chloramphenical, mupirocin, gentamycin and bezoyl peroxide used in various
bacterial infections on the skin
o Gastro-intestinal medicines are drugs which are used in management of various
gastrointestinal conditions. They include:
Antacids and Anti-ulcers Agentssuch as cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole,
lansoprazole esomeprazole and magnesium tricilicate
Drugs affecting intestinal secretion and antispasmodics ( hyocine butyl bromide,
cholestyramine and ursodeoxycholic acid)
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Anti-emetics such as promethazine, metochlopramide and prochloroperazine
used in management of nausea and vomiting
Cathartics (bisacodyl and lactulose) used in management of constipation
Anti-Haemorrhoids (Anusal) for haemorrhoid
Medicines used in Diarrhoea include, ORS, loperamide and zinc tablets. They are
used in management of diarrhea
o Hormones and antidiabetic agents and related medicines are drugs which are used in
management of diabetes mellitus and other hormonal disorders. They include:
Adrenal Hormones and Synthetic Substitutes include dexamethazone
hydrocortisone and prednisolone
Oestrogens example ethinyloesradiol
Insulin and Anti- diabetic Agents example chlorpropamide, glibenclamide,
gliclazide, tolbutamide, metformin,glucagon glipizede and insulin
Ovulation inducers example clomiphene
Oral Contraceptives example ethinyloestradion + norgestrel,
ethinyloestradion+levonorgestrel and ethinyloestradion ethinyloestradion
+desogestrel
Barrier and Other Contraceptives which are intra uterine device, male and female
condoms
Progesterone example levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone and
hydroxyprogesterone
Thyroid, Parathyroid hormones and Antagonists for example carbimazole, iodine
solution, levothyroxine and iodized oil capsule
o Sera and immunoglobulins are drugs used in management of immunological problems
and preventions of some diseases example gamma globulin, anti D globulin, ant
lymphocytes, anti-rabies, antithymocytes, activated prothrombin, factor vii, snake
venom polyvalent antiserum and tetanus immunoglobulin
o Vaccines are medicines which are used in prevention of various diseases. Example of
vaccines include
o Vaccines for immunization like BCG, DPT, measles, poliomyelitis and tetanus
toxoids
Vaccines for specific group of individuals like hepatitis B, meningitis, rabies
yellow fever and pneumococcal
o Ophthamological preparations are drugs which are used in management of various
eye problems. They include:
Antifective agents like acyclovir, chloramphenical, gentamycin, povidon iodine,
oxytetracycline, ciprofloxacine, econazole and natamycine
Steroidal Anti-infalamatory Agents like dexamethazone,prednisolone and
triamcinolone acetate
Antinfective and Antinflamatory Agents like cyclopentolate, atropine, timolol,
hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, alomide, sodium chromoglycate, pilocarpine
hydrochloride, zinc sulphate, lutanoprost acetazolamide and glycerol syrup
Drugs for Trachoma and Onchocerciasis like azithromycin and ivermectine
PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide
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o Medicines used in ear & nose diseases are drugs which are used in management of ear
and nose diseases. They include:
Ear drops like chloramphenical, dexamethazone, ciprofloxacine and alluminium
acetate
Oral antiseptics like chlorhexidine gluconate solution and potassium
permanganate solution
Nasal preparations like beclomethazine spray and ephedrine nasal drops
o Oxytocics, myometrial relaxants (tocolytics) and related medicines are used in smooth
muscle relaxation and enclepsia. They include salbutamol, ergometrine, oxytocine
misoprostol and magnesium sulphate solutions
o Psychotherapeutic and related medicines are used in psychosis and related diseases.
They include carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbitone amirtyptilline, fluvoxamine,
citalopram, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine decanoate, haloperidol, imipramine,
thioridazine, alprazolam, lorazepam, fluoxetine, olanzapine, respiredone, benzhexol
bromocriptine chlordiazepoxide and sodium valproate
o Medicines acting on respiratory tract are used in various diseases of respiratory tract
They include:
Anti-asthmatics like aminophylline, beclomethazone, cromoglycate, salbutamol,
ipratropium bromide and adrenalin
Antitussives like expectorants, linctuces and cough syrups
o Solutions, correcting water electrolyte and acid base disturbances, they include
dextrose of various concentration, compound sodium lactate, sodium chloride,
sodium chloride and dextrose, potassium citrate oral solution and water for injection
o Vitamins and minerals are usually used during deficiency and as supplements
o They include vitamin A, vitamin B group, ascorbic acids, vitamin D, vitamin K,
Selenium, calcium gluconate and potassium chloride
STEP 4: Key points (5 minutes)
STEP 5: Evaluation (5 minutes)
PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide
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References
Ministry Of Health and Social Welfare. (2013). Standard Treatment Guidelines & National
Essential Medicines List Tanzania Mainland (4th ed.). Dar es salaam, Tanzania
government printers.
Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach (9th ed.). New York, McGraw-Hill
Education.
Sally S.R, Jeanne C.S. (2000). Introductory Clinical Pharmacology (6th ed) New York,
Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
School of Pharmaceutical sciences. (2011).Tanzania Pharmaceutical Handbook (2nd ed.). Dar
es Salaam, ARDHI University press.
The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. (2007). Martindale, the Extra
Pharmacopoeia (5TH ed). London, pharmaceutical press.
The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. (2009). British National Formulary
(59th ed). London, BMJ Group and RPS Publishing.
PST 04211 Basic Pharmacology NTA Level 4 Semester 2 Facilitator Guide
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