PST05105 Rational Use of Medicines

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05105 Legal limitations on Medicines Marketing and Promotion Rational Use of Medicines • Source Session/Topic 11 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 11: Legal limitations on Medicines Marketing and Promotion Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the terms used in legal limitations on medicines marketing and promotion. • Give general understanding of legal limitations on medicines marketing and promotion. • Identify responsibilities of TFDA on medicines marketing and promotion • Describe pharmaceuticals promotion control • Identify importance of promotion and marketing in pharmacy • Describe pharmaceuticals advertisement control Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 Minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |10 Minutes |Presentation |Definition of Terms used in Legal | | | | |Limitations on Medicines Marketing | | | | |and Promotion. | |3 |15 Minutes |Presentation |Introduction to Legal Limitations on| | | | |Medicines Marketing and Promotion. | |4 |30 Minutes |Presentation |Responsibilities of TFDA on | | | |Brainstorming |Medicines Marketing and Promotion | |5 |10 Minutes |Presentation |Pharmaceuticals Promotion Control | |6 |20 Minutes |Presentation |Important of Promotion and Marketing| | | |Buzzing |in Pharmacy | |7 |10 Minutes |Presentation |Pharmaceuticals Advertisement | | | | |Control | |8 |05 Minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 9 |05 Minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (05 Minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms inLegal limitations on Medicines Marketing and Promotion. (20 Minutes) • Pharmaceuticals Promotion: refers to all informational and convincing activities by manufacturers and distributors, the effect of which is to encourage the prescription, supply, purchase and/or use of medicinal drugs. • The important of Promotion is to create an image, to modify attitudes to support sales increases and to create awareness • Marketing: creating customer value and satisfaction. It is a process by which individuals or groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. i.e. It is simply the delivery of customer satisfaction at a profit • Advertising: Any form of communication using any form of mass media or a controlled message in purchased time or space. It is non-personal and paid. The forms of advertising include journals, direct mail & e-mail, bill boards, newspapers and TV. It includes every form of advertising, whether in a publication, or by the display of any notice or by means of any catalogue, price list, letter, whether circular or addressed to a particular person, or by the exhibition of a photograph or a cinematograph film, or by way of sound recording, sound broadcasting, or television or any other means of communication. STEP 3: Introduction to Legal Limitations on Medicines Marketing and Promotion. (15 Minutes) • Medicines have the potential for benefit to individuals who use them and to the public health. But all effective medicines may be associated with adverse effects. • The law recognizes that medicines should not be treated as an ordinary general commodity by placing specific restrictions on them. • Activities conducted as part of pharmaceutical marketing and promotions are an important component of educating and informing consumers and health care professionals about new treatments. • Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertisements aim to inform patients of important treatment options, while pharmaceutical sales representatives work to get accurate, up-to-date information on medicines to health care professionals. STEP 4: Responsibilities of TFDA on Medicines Marketing and Promotion (30minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (15 Minutes) | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | |What are the responsibilities of TFDA on medicines marketing and | |promotion? | |ALLOW few students to respond | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | TFDA is the effective medicines regulatory body which promotes and protects public health by ensuring that: • Medicines are of the required quality, safety and efficacy, medicines are appropriately manufactured, stored, distributed and dispensed, illegal manufacturing and trade are detected and adequately sanctioned, health professionals and patients have the necessary information to enable them to use medicines rationally. • Ensure that promotion and advertising is fair, balanced and aimed at rational drug use, access to medicines is not hindered by unjustified regulatory work. STEP 5: Pharmaceuticals Promotion Control (10 Minutes) • Product promotion means any activity undertaken by a company or individual to promote and encourage the prescription, supply, sale, administration or purchase of food, drugs, herbal drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices. (in relation to products regulated by TFDA such as medicines) • Such promotion can be presented in various forms like: o Brochures, posters, leaflets, TV, radio, newspaper, magazine, and internet advertisement, Journal or direct mail advertising, supply of free samples, sponsorship of promotional meeting and sponsorship of scientific meeting • Product promotion Control section of the TFDA routinely scrutinizes promotional materials before approval is granted. • Promotion of food, drugs, herbal drugs, cosmetics, and medical devices is controlled under the Tanzania Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2003 sections 95 to 98 and 122(1) (r) regulations, 2010. • No promotional activity should be conducted in Tanzania mainland unless it is approved by the TFDA. • In order to get approval, two copies of the promotional materials should be submitted to the Director General, TFDA. Upon approval, one copy will remain with the TFDA. STEP 6: Importance of Promotion and Marketing in Pharmacy (20 Minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | |What are

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05105 Significances of Uncontrolled Medicines Marketing and Promotion Rational Use of Medicines • Source Session/Topic 12 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 12: Significances of Uncontrolled Medicines Marketing and Promotion Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Students Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Define the terms used in uncontrolled medicines marketing and Promotion • Identify Significances of uncontrolled Medicines marketing and promotion • Explain the effects of medicines marketing and promotion on prescribing and dispensing behaviour • Identify guiding principles to fight for significance of uncontrolled medicines marketing and promotion Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 Minutes|Presentation |Introduction, Learning Objectives | |2 |20 |Presentation |Definition of Terms Used in Uncontrolled | | |Minutes | |Medicines Marketing and Promotion | |3 |35 |Presentation |Significances of Uncontrolled Medicines | | |Minutes |Brainstorming |Marketing and Promotion | |4 |30 |Presentation |Effectsof Medicines Marketing and | | |Minutes |Group |Promotion on Prescribing and Dispensing | | | |Discussion |Behavior | |5 |20 |Presentation |Guiding Principles to Fight For | | |Minutes | |Significance of Uncontrolled Medicinal | | | | |Marketing and Promotion | |6 |05 |Presentation |Key Points | | |Minutes | | | | 7 |05 |Presentation |Evaluation | | |Minutes | | | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (05 minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Definition of Terms used in Uncontrolled Medicines Marketing and Promotion (20 Minutes) Medicines: • Medicines have an integral part in the health care system all over the world. When the appropriate use of medicine is done, they can cure the different ailments and promote the health of the patients and results in the wellbeing of the patients. However, the irrational use of medicines is the major issue in this regard and it is practiced all over the world. Pharmaceutical marketing: • These are activities focused on making physicians as well as the general public aware of new and existing pharmaceutical brands, • It can include giveaway samples, detailed product literature, disease management programs, and support material for patients, internet initiatives, and events/meetings for physicians. • Also can be defined as a management process that serves to identify and meet patients’ needs in a profitable way. Uncontrolled Medicinal Marketing and Promotion: o This is when the medicines which are promoted and marketed are not regulated and authorized by regulatory body such as: TFDA STEP 3: Significances of Uncontrolled Medicines Marketing and Promotion (35 Minutes) |Activity: Brainstorming (15 Minutes) | |Ask students to brainstorm on the following question: | |What are the Significances of uncontrolled Medicines marketing and | |promotion? | |ALLOW few students to respond | |WRITE their responses on the flip chart/ board | |CLARIFY and SUMMARISE by using the content below | The following are significances of uncontrolled marketing and promotion: • May encourage inappropriate use of expensive drugs that are incorrectly perceived to be more efficacious than existing cheaper alternatives • Creates an opportunity cost for the health service • Reduces the available resources for the provision of other essential services. • Encourages further expenditure on drug promotion, reducing the proportion of the total company budget available for research and development as a result of increased revenue generated by altered prescribing practices in response to drug promotion as interpreted by pharmaceutical companies • Reliance on drug promotion for revenue generation by pharmaceutical companies has a negative impact on the size of the pipeline of new drugs to deal with pressing medical problems. • Reduces the choice for prescribers and patients in which drug promotion is required at greater levels to increase market penetration of existing drugs to the detriment of the development of new ones. • In the absence of effective regulation of drug promotion, community interventions to promote rational drug use will have insufficient impact hence, leading to irrational use of medicines. • For the case of antibiotic uncontrolled medicines can lead to drug resistance due to improper use of medicines. • Encourage community to use medicines without proper diagnosis which results to chronic disease. STEPS 4: Effects of Medicines Marketing and Promotion on Prescribing and Dispensing Behavior(30Minutes |Activity: Small Group Discussion ( 15 minutes) | | | |DIVIDE students into small manageable groups | | | |ASK students to discuss on the following question | |What are the effect of medicines marketing and promotion on prescribing| |and dispensing behaviour? | | | |ALLOW students to discuss for 10 minutes | | | |ALLOW few groups to present and the rest to add points not mentioned | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the contents below | Pharmaceutical marketing and promotions Influence prescriber behaviors. • Medical practitioners’ attitudes to the pharmaceutical industry, their knowledge about pharmaceutical products, and prescribing behavior are influenced by industry promotion and gift-giving. • Most of pharmaceutical personnel who work at community pharmacies encourage patients to buy medicines from certain pharmaceutical manufacturers for their personnel interest • Spending on prescription drugs by different countries is increasing continuously by significant margin every year and one of the identified and most prominent cause of this increase is continuing switch to new drugs which is an outcome of increasing promotional influence. • Pharmaceutical marketing is a unique as decision-making of buying of medicine lies in the hand of intermediate customer (prescriber) rather than final customer (patient), therefore pharmaceutical companies influence the customer (prescriber) rather than the final customer (patient). • Prescriber are the most important players in pharmaceutical marketing system, Prescriber write the prescriptions that determined which drugs (brands) will be used

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05105 Ethical Issues in Medicines Marketing and Promotion Rational Use of Medicines • Source Session/Topic 14 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 14: Ethical Issues in Medicines Marketing and Promotion Total Session Time: 120 minutes Prerequisites • None Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: • Give introduction of ethical issues in medicines marketing and promotion • List objectives of ethical issues in medicines marketing and promotion • Identify ethical issues in medicines marketing and promotion • Identify ethical issues in medicines marketing and advertisement Resources Needed: • Flip charts, marker pens, and masking tape • Black/white board and chalk/whiteboard markers SESSION OVERVIEW |Step |Time |Activity/ |Content | | | |Method | | |1 |5 Minutes |Presentation |Introduction, Learning Tasks | |2 |25 Minutes |Presentation |Introduction to Ethical Issues in | | | | |Medicines Marketing And Promotion | |3 |25 Minutes |Presentation |Objective of Ethical Criteria in | | | | |Medicines Marketing and Promotion | |4 |30 Minutes |Presentation |Ethical Issues in Medicines | | | |Buzzing |Marketing and Promotion | |5 |25 Minutes |Presentation |Ethical Issues in Medicines | | | | |Marketing and advertisement | |6 |05 Minutes |Presentation |Key Points | | 7 |05 Minutes |Presentation |Evaluation | SESSION CONTENTS STEP 1: Presentation of Session Title and Learning Tasks (05 Minutes) READ or ASK students to read the learning objectives and clarify ASK students if they have any questions before continuing. STEP 2: Introduction to Ethical Criteria in Medicines Marketing and Promotion (25 minutes) • Ethical issues for drug promotion should lay the foundation for proper behaviour concerning the promotion of medicinal drugs, consistent with the search for truthfulness and righteousness. • The criteria should thus assist in judging if promotional practices related to medicinal drugs are in keeping with acceptable ethical standards. • WHO ethical criteria for medicinal drug promotion of 1988 require promotion of prescription and over-the-counter drugs to contain reliable claims without misleading or unverifiable statements. • The ethical promotion of medicine is vital to the pharmaceutical industry’s mission of helping patients for better healthcare. • The pharmaceutical industry has an obligation and responsibility to provide accurate information about its products to healthcare professionals in order to establish a clear understanding of the appropriate use of medicines. • The criteria could be used by people in all walks of life; by governments; the pharmaceutical industry (manufacturers and distributors); the promotion industry (advertising agencies, market research organizations and the like)health personnel involved in the prescription, dispensing, supply and distribution of drugs; universities and other teaching institutions; professional associations; patients' and consumer groups. • There is evidence that drug utilization problems are increasing encountered in many developing countries due to unethical practices of medicine promotion. STEP 3: Objective of Ethical Criteria in Medicines marketing and Promotion (25 Minutes) The following are the objectives of ethical criteria for medicines marketing and promotion: • To support and encourage the improvement of health care through the rational use of medicinal drugs and discourage unethical practices. • To lay the foundation for proper behavior concerning the promotion of medicinal drugs, consistent with the search for truthfulness and righteousness. • To assist in judging if promotional practices related to medicinal drugs are in keeping with acceptable ethical standards. • To ensure that healthcare professionals have access to information they need and that medicines are prescribed and used in a manner that provides the maximum healthcare benefit to patients. STEP 4: Ethical Issues in Medicines Marketing and Promotion (30 minutes) |Activity: Buzzing (10 minutes) | |ASK students to pair up and buzz on the following question for 2 | |minutes | |What are the ethical criteria in medicines marketing and promotion? | |ALLOW few pairs to respond and let other pairs to add on points not | |mentioned | |WRITE their response on the flip chart/board | | | |CLARIFY and SUMMARIZE by using the content below | The following are the ethical criteria in medicines marketing and promotion • Healthcare professionals should not be influenced to prescribe, recommend, purchase, supply or administer a product because of any benefits offered (financial or otherwise). • Promotion should encourage the appropriate use of pharmaceutical products by presenting them objectively and without exaggeration. • Ethical criteria for Medicines marketing and Promotion call for promotion of prescription drugs, non-prescription drugs (over-the-counter drugs), traditional medicines and any other product promoted as a medicine to contain reliable claims without misleading statements. • The criteria also state that promotion should not contain omissions that could lead to health risks • The criteria state that promotion should not contain unverifiable statements or omissions likely to induce medically unjustifiable drug use or to give rise to undue risks. • They emphasize that promotion should not be disguised as educational or scientific activities. • Active promotion within a country should take place only with respect to drugs legally available in the country. • Promotion should be in keeping with national health policies and in compliance with national regulations. • All promotion making claims concerning medicinal drugs should be reliable, accurate, truthful, informative, balanced, up-to-date, and capable of substantiation and in good taste. • The word "safe" should only be used if properly qualified. Comparison of products should be factual, fair and capable of substantiation. • Promotional material should not be designed so as to disguise its real nature. • Scientific data in the public domain should be made available to prescribers and any other person entitled to receive it, on request, as appropriate to their requirements. • Promotion in the form of financial or material benefits should not be offered to or sought by health care practitioners to influence them in the prescription of drugs. • Scientific and educational activities should not be deliberately used for promotional purposes STEP 5: Ethical Issues

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05105 Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Promoting Rational Use of Medicines 109 Rational Use of Medicines • Source Session/Topic 15 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. Session 15: Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Promoting Rational Use of Medicines 109 Background There is currently an ever increasing demand for pharmaceutical personnel in Tanzania. This is due to expanding investment in public and private pharmaceutical sector. Shortage of trained pharmaceutical human resource contributes to poor quality of pharmaceutical services and low access to medicines in the country (GIZ, 2012). Through Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) the Pharmacy Council (PC) together with Development Partners (DPs) in Germany and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs)worked together to address the shortage of human resource for pharmacy by designing a project named “Supporting Training Institutions for Improved Pharmaceutical Services in Tanzania” in order to improve quality and capacity of PTIs in training, particularly of lower cadre pharmaceutical personnel. The Pharmacy Council formed a Steering committee that conducted a stakeholders workshop from18th to 22ndAugust 2014 in Morogoro to initiate the implementation of the project. Key activities in the implementation of this project included carrying out situational analysis, curriculum review and harmonization, development of training manual/facilitators guide, development of assessment plan, training of trainers and supportive supervision. After the curricula were reviewed and harmonized, the process of developing standardized training materials was started in August 2015 through Writer’s Workshop (WW) approach. The approach included two workshops (of two weeks each) for developing draft documents and a one-week workshop for reviewing, editing and formatting the sessions of the modules. The goals of Writers Workshops were to build capacity of tutors in the development of training materials and to develop high-quality, standardized teaching materials. The training package for pharmacy cadres includes a Facilitator Guide, Assessment plan and Practicum. There are 12 modules for NTA level 4 making 12 Facilitator guides and one Practicum guide. Acknowledgment The development of standardized training materials of a competence-based curriculum for pharmaceutical sciences has been accomplished through involvement of different stakeholders. Special thanks go to the Pharmacy Council for spearheading the harmonization of training materials in the pharmacy after noticing that training institutions in Tanzania were using different curricula and train their students differently. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Christian Social Service Commission (CSSC) for their tireless efforts to mobilize funds from development partners. Special thanks to Multi Actors Partnership (MAP) for the financial and technical support. Particular thanks are due to those who led this important process to its completion, Centre for Education Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA), Ms. Diana Gamuya, Mr. Dickson Mtalitinya and Members from the secretariat of National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) for facilitating the process. Finally, I very much appreciate the contributions of the tutors and content experts representing PTIs, hospitals, and other health training institutions. Their participation in meetings and workshops, and their input in the development of this training manual/facilitators guide have been invaluable. These participants are listed with our gratitude below: Ms. Elizabeth Shekalaghe Registrar, Pharmacy Council of Tanzania Dr. Catherine Jincen Principal, CEDHA Dr. Saitore Laizer Deputy Principal, CEDHA Dr. Sungwa N. Kabissi Project Manager – MAP, CSSC Ms. Diana Gamuya CEDHA Ms. Emily Mwakibolwa Pharmacy Council Ms. Tumaini H. Lyombe MUHAS Ms. Dilisi J. Makawia KSP Director of Human Resources Development Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children Introduction Module Overview This module content is a guide for tutors of Pharmaceutical schools for training of students. The session contents are based on sub-enabling outcomes and their related tasks of the curriculum for Basic Technician Course in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The module sub-enabling outcomes and their related tasks are as indicated in the in the Basic Technician Certificate in Pharmaceutical Sciences (NTA Level 5) Curriculum Target Audience This module is intended for use primarily by tutors of pharmaceutical schools. The module’s sessions give guidance on the time, activities and provide information on how to teach the session. The sessions include different activities which focus on increasing students’ knowledge, skills and attitudes. Organization of the Module The module consists of fifteen (15) sessions; each session is divided into several parts as indicated below: • Session Title: The name of the session • Total Session Time: The estimated time for teaching the session, indicated in minutes • Pre-requisites: A module or session which needs to be covered before teaching the session. • Learning Tasks: Statements which indicate what the student is expected to learn by the end of the session • Resources Needed: All resources needed for the session are listed including handouts and worksheets • Session Overview: The session overview box lists the steps, time for each step, the activity or method used in each step and the step title • Session Content: All the session contents are divided into steps. Each step has a heading and an estimated time to teach that step as shown in the overview box. Also, this section includes instructions for the tutor and activities with their instructions to be done during teaching of the contents • Key Points: Key messages for concluding the session contents at the end of a session This step summarizes the main points and ideas from the session, based on the learning tasks of the session • Evaluation: The last section of the session consists of short questions based on the learning tasks to check the understanding of students. • Handouts: Additional information which can be used in the classroom while teaching or later for students’ further learning. Handouts are used to provide extra information related to the session topic that cannot fit into the session time. Handouts can be used by the students to study material on their own and to refer to them after the session. Sometimes, a handout will have questions or an exercise for the participants including the answers to the questions. Instructions

NTA Level 5 • Semester 1 • PST05105 Rational Use of Medicines – Complete Full Notes Complete educational source text in one page Completeness safeguard: this page keeps the complete educational module/source wording in one place so learning material is not lost when browsing topic by topic. Presenter/tutor metadata is intentionally excluded. | | UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA [pic] Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children Facilitator Guide Copyright © Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children – 2018 Table of Contents Background 5 Acknowledgment 6 Introduction 8 Session 1: Introduction to Rational use of Medicines 13 Session 2: Introduction to Irrational Use of Medicines 23 Session 3: Factors Contributing to Irrational Use of Medicines 30 Session 4: Problems Associated with Irrational Medicine Usage 36 Session 5: Control Measures for Irrational Medicines Use 42 Session 6: Concept of National Essential Medicines 47 Session 7: Essential Medicines Concept in Promotion of Rational Medicines Use 53 Session 8: Types of Interventions in Promoting Rational Medicines Use 58 Session 9: Factors Hindering Promotion of Rational Use of Medicine 68 Session 10: Importance of (STG) and (EML) in Reducing Irrational Use of Medicines 74 Session 11: Legal limitations on Medicines Marketing and Promotion 82 Session 12: Significances of Uncontrolled Medicines Marketing and Promotion 90 Session13: Role of information in Medicines marketing and promotion 97 Session 14: Ethical Issues in Medicines Marketing and Promotion 103 Session 15: Role of Pharmaceutical Personnel in Promoting Rational Use of Medicines 109 Background There is currently an ever increasing demand for pharmaceutical personnel in Tanzania. This is due to expanding investment in public and private pharmaceutical sector. Shortage of trained pharmaceutical human resource contributes to poor quality of pharmaceutical services and low access to medicines in the country (GIZ, 2012). Through Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) the Pharmacy Council (PC) together with Development Partners (DPs) in Germany and Pharmaceutical Training Institutions (PTIs)worked together to address the shortage of human resource for pharmacy by designing a project named “Supporting Training Institutions for Improved Pharmaceutical Services in Tanzania” in order to improve quality and capacity of PTIs in training, particularly of lower cadre pharmaceutical personnel. The Pharmacy Council formed a Steering committee that conducted a stakeholders workshop from18th to 22ndAugust 2014 in Morogoro to initiate the implementation of the project. Key activities in the implementation of this project included carrying out situational analysis, curriculum review and harmonization, development of training manual/facilitators guide, development of assessment plan, training of trainers and supportive supervision. After the curricula were reviewed and harmonized, the process of developing standardized training materials was started in August 2015 through Writer’s Workshop (WW) approach. The approach included two workshops (of two weeks each) for developing draft documents and a one-week workshop for reviewing, editing and formatting the sessions of the modules. The goals of Writers Workshops were to build capacity of tutors in the development of training materials and to develop high-quality, standardized teaching materials. The training package for pharmacy cadres includes a Facilitator Guide, Assessment plan and Practicum. There are 12 modules for NTA level 4 making 12 Facilitator guides and one Practicum guide. Acknowledgment The development of standardized training materials of a competence-based curriculum for pharmaceutical sciences has been accomplished through involvement of different stakeholders. Special thanks go to the Pharmacy Council for spearheading the harmonization of training materials in the pharmacy after noticing that training institutions in Tanzania were using different curricula and train their students differently. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Christian Social Service Commission (CSSC) for their tireless efforts to mobilize funds from development partners. Special thanks to Multi Actors Partnership (MAP) for the financial and technical support. Particular thanks are due to those who led this important process to its completion, Centre for Education Development in Health Arusha (CEDHA), Ms. Diana Gamuya, Mr. Dickson Mtalitinya and Members from the secretariat of National Council for Technical Education (NACTE) for facilitating the process. Finally, I very much appreciate the contributions of the tutors and content experts representing PTIs, hospitals, and other health training institutions. Their participation in meetings and workshops, and their input in the development of this training manual/facilitators guide have been invaluable. These participants are listed with our gratitude below: Ms. Elizabeth Shekalaghe Registrar, Pharmacy Council of Tanzania Dr. Catherine Jincen Principal, CEDHA Dr. Saitore Laizer Deputy Principal, CEDHA Dr. Sungwa N. Kabissi Project Manager – MAP, CSSC Ms. Diana Gamuya CEDHA Ms. Emily Mwakibolwa Pharmacy Council Ms. Tumaini H. Lyombe MUHAS Ms. Dilisi J. Makawia KSP Director of Human Resources Development Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children Introduction Module Overview This module content is a guide for tutors of Pharmaceutical schools for training of students. The session contents are based on sub-enabling outcomes and their related tasks of the curriculum for Basic Technician Course in Pharmaceutical Sciences. The module sub-enabling outcomes and their related tasks are as indicated in the in the Basic Technician Certificate in Pharmaceutical Sciences (NTA Level 5) Curriculum Target Audience This module is intended for use primarily by tutors of pharmaceutical schools. The module’s sessions give guidance on the time, activities and provide information on how to teach the session. The sessions include different activities which focus on increasing students’ knowledge, skills and attitudes. Organization of the Module The module consists of fifteen (15) sessions; each session is divided into several parts as indicated below: • Session Title: The name of the session • Total Session Time: The estimated time for teaching the session, indicated in minutes • Pre-requisites: A module or session which needs to be covered before teaching the session. • Learning Tasks: Statements which indicate what the student is expected to learn by the end of the session • Resources Needed: All resources needed for the session are listed including handouts and worksheets • Session Overview: The session overview box lists the steps, time for each step, the activity or method used in each step and the step title • Session Content: All the session contents