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NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 7 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 7: Pharmacotherapy of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle List signs and symptoms of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Describe pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis diseases in Cattle List contraindications in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs in the treatment of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis Diseases in Cattle Describe Control and Prevention of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Activity: Buzzing What is Candidiasis? ? Definition of Candidiasis and Dermatophytosis in Cattle Candidiasis Candida species particularly C. albicans is normally present on the mucous membranes, especially the alimentary tract. It is an opportunistic pathogen resulting in systemic or local candida infections in cattle and calves secondary to prolonged antibiotic or corticosteroid therapy. Mastitis and abortion also occur in cattle. The following are the signs and symptoms of Candidiasis Calves with fore-stomach candidiasis have; Watery diarrhea Anorexia Dehydration, with gradual progression to prostration and death. Gross lesions of the skin and mucosae are generally single or multiple, raised, circular, white masses covered with scabs. The organism can penetrate keratinized epithelium and cause marked keratinous thickening of the mucosae of the tongue, esophagus, and rumen Gastrointestinal Candidiasis in Cow Activity: Brainstorming How is Candiasis treated in Cattle? Pharmacological Treatment Nystatin 10% ointment or topical application of 1% iodine solution may be useful in the treatment of oral or cutaneous candidiasis, or Ketoconazole 40 mg/kg q 8 h for two weeks Contraindications to Ketoconazole Hepatic impairment Pregnant and lactating animals Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions in Treatment of Candidiasis In Cattle Ketoconazole Hepatotoxicity, GI disturbances anorexia, nausea, vomiting Pruritus Alopecia Gynecomastia Sexual impotence and infertility Key Points Candidiasis is a localized mucocutaneous disease caused by species of the yeast-like fungus Candida, most commonly C albicans Candidiasis affects the oral, esophageal , and gastric mucosa, with diarrhea and emaciation the most consistent signs. Nystatin ointment may be useful in the treatment of oral or cutaneous candidiasis Evaluation What is Candidiasis? What are the common signs and symptoms of Candidiasis? What is the pharmacological treatment of Candidiasis? What are the common side effects of ketoconazole? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 6 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 6: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Coccidiosis disease in Cattle, Goat and Pig List signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig Describe pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pig Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs List contraindications of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle. Goat and Pig List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs Describe Control and Prevention of Coccidiosis in Cattle, Goat and Pigs Activity: Buzzing What is Coccidiosis ? Definition of Coccidiosis in Cattle Cocciodiosis , a protozoan parasite of cattle, is caused by the genus Eimeria The most common species affecting cattle include E. bovis , E zuernii , and E auburnensis The disease is common in young cattle up to two years old. Signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in cattle Watery feces, with little or no blood and shreds of epithelium and mucus Animals may die from secondary bacterial complications or concurrent infections (e.g. corona virus infection) that develop ; Fever become anorectic Signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis in cattle Cont … depressed dehydrated loss of weight Eimeria zuernii is highly pathogenic causing bloody diarrhea Coccidiosis in cattle Pharmacological Treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle Amprolium 10 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for 5 days, or Sulfamethazine 50-110 mg/kg, q 24 h, PO for 4 days, or Decoquinate 167g/10kg of feed for 28 days, or Monensin 100-360 mg/head/day PO for 7 days Do not mix with drugs having similar action Avoid direct contact with skin and wash thoroughly after handling the product Supportive therapy The most effective treatment for the already sick animal is fluids Contraindications in Treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle Sulfamethazine Allergy and hypersensitivity Decoquinate Do not use in cases of hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients Monensin Hypersensitivity to Monensin Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Coccidiosis in Cattle Monensin high dose may result in reduced weight gain, Reduced voluntary feed intake Reduced milk fat percentage Increased incidence and treatment of cystic ovaries and metritis Reduced conception rates Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Coccidiosis in Cattle? Prevention and Control of Coccidiosis in Cattle Prophylaxis Amprolium 5-10 mg/kg q 24 h for 21 days, PO Monensin 1 mg/kg in feed for 30 days Control Housing and ventilation deficiencies should be corrected Do not mix different age groups of calves, avoid fecal contamination of feed. Isolation of the affected animal(s) to prevent increased contamination of the premises Key Points Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of Eimeria species The most effective treatment for the already sickcattle is supportive therapy (fluids) and antibiotics to ward off secondary infections Prevention focuses on preventing fecal contamination of the cattle’s environment, feed and water Evaluation What is Coccidiosis? What are the common signs and symptoms of Coccidiosis? What is the pharmacological treatment of Coccidiosis? What are the control measures against Coccidiosis? REFER Students to Handout 6.1 For pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goats,: Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Goats REFER Students to Handout 6.2: For pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pigs, Pharmacotherapy of Coccidiosis in Pigs References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Botulism and Calf Diphtheria in Cattle Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 5 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 5: Pharmacotherapy of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle List signs and symptoms of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle Describe pharmacological treatment of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle List contraindications of drugs used to treat Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle Describe control and prevention of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle Definition of Botulism and Calfdiptheria in Cattle This rapidly fatal motor paralysis is caused by ingestion of preformed toxin of Clostridium botulinum from decaying carcasses or vegetable materials such as decaying grass, hay, grain, or spoiled silage. Activity: Buzzing What is Botulism? ? The following are the signs and symptoms of Botulism Decreased tongue tone that protrudes out Problems associated with deglutition and prehension of food, Progressive muscular weakness until animals become recumbent in a parturient paresis-like posture, Ataxia and stumbling gait affecting the hind legs are commonly observed paralysis of the muscles of the face, jaw and tongue The following are the signs and symptoms of Botulism Cont.…. U nable to eat or drink T ongue hanging out of mouth and unable to control or withdraw the tongue D rooling Paralysis of the eye lids or drooping eyelids, animals otherwise alert Shallow and abdominal breathing Sudden death with a high fatality rate in unvaccined cattle population. Pharmacological treatment of Botulism in Cattle Ruminal lavage, followed by 50-80 ml lactic acid in 5-10 L of water per stomach tube in adult cattle Polyvalent anti-C and anti-D antisera Contraindications Hypersensitivity reactions Common Side effects Local lesions at the site of injection Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Botulism? Prevention and Control of Botulism in Cattle Correction of dietary deficiencies Botulism vaccination Proper disposal of carcass. Removal of decaying grass or spoiled silage from cattle feed REFER Students to Handout 5.1: For pharmacotherapy of Calfidiphtheria , Pharmacotherapy of Calfdiptheria in Cattle and Goat. Key Points Botulism is a rapid onset, usually fatal disease caused by the botulinum toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum Typical signs include hindlimb weakness progressing to paralysis, collapse and death Common sources of toxin include animal carcasses, rotting organic material and poorly prepared silage Treatment is rarely attempted but vaccines are available for disease prevention in cattle Evaluation What is botulism diasease ? What are the common signs and symptoms of botulism? What is the pharmacological treatment of botulism disease? What are the control measures against anthrax disease? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 4 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 4: Pharmacotherapy of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat List signs and symptoms of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Describe pharmacological treatment of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat List contraindications of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used to treat Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Describe Control and Prevention of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Activity: Buzzing What is Anthrax? ? Definition of Anthrax and Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Anthrax Anthrax is an acute, febrile (42 o C), septicemia , fatal bacterial disease of food animals caused by Bacillus anthracis Anthrax outbreak occurs irregularly and is commonly associated with neutral or alkaline, calcareous soils where the spores revert to the vegetative form and multiply to infectious levels if environmental conditions of soil, moisture, temperature, and nutrition are optimal Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat The following are the signs and symptoms of Anthrax Acute illness is characterized by abrupt onset of; F ever , S igns of abdominal pain, T rembling , H ematuria , and blood-tinged diarrhea . Signs and Symptoms of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Pregnant animals may abort Milk production in lactating animals often decline or is tinged with blood. Ventral subcutaneous edema may be present followed by death. Chronic infection is rare in cattle and is manifested by localized edematous swelling on the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders. Areas most frequently involved are the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders . Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Indicated drugs Penicillin 22,000 IU/kg, IM, q 12 h for 2 days, then daily for 3 days or Benzathine q 48-72 h; or Oxytetracycline 6-11 mg/kg, IM or IV, q 12-24 h or Amoxicillin 5-10 mg/kg q 24 h for 3-5 days or Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Cont … Ciprofloxacin 2.8 mg/kg, IV or PO, q 8 h for 4 days or Doxycycline, 20 mg/kg, IV Note: among the tetracyclines , doxycycline is highly lipophilic thus penetrates tissue with ease, is more completely absorbed & slowly excreted, or Erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg (adult), IM, IV or SC; 15-30 mg/kg (calves), IM, IV, or SC, or Dihydrostreptomycin or streptomycin, 10 mg/kg, q 12h IM, SC; Pharmacological Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Cont … Contraindications Penicillins ; In animals with hypersensitivity reactions to penicillins Oxytetracyclines in animals with Renal impairment, Pregnant animals and up to 4 weeks of age in neonates. Erythromycin base in animals with impaired liver function Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulphate is contraindicated to myasthenia gravis Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Oxytetracycline Gastrointestinal symptoms are more severe with oxytetracycline among the tetracycline Discoloration of the teeth when used during pregnancy Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Neuromuscular blockage At higher dosage calves may develop diarrheal Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Cont …. Ciprofloxacin Lameness and severe pain in some immature animals due to damage to weight-bearing joints when used at therapeutic doses in some immature animals. Activity: Brainstorming What are the prevention and control measures for Anthrax? Prevention and Control of Anthrax in Cattle and Goat Cut off infection source Moving other animals away from the affected area is an important early action. Vaccination Animals should not be vaccinated within 2 months of anticipated slaughter Antibiotics should not be administered within 1 wk of vaccination Animals that have died of anthrax should be burned in a closed incinerator Public health significance Anthrax is highly pathogenic to humans; thus care should be taken during handling of suspected cases For pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis, REFER Students to Handout 4.1: Pharmacotherapy of Aspergillosis in Cattle and Goat Key Points Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria called Bacillus anthracis . The anthrax bacterium produces spores (small resistant cells) which are capable of surviving for many years in the environment Anthrax may present as cutaneous, inhalational or intestinal anthrax Treatment with antibiotics is essential, particularly for inhalational anthrax Control of anthrax in livestock herds is essential for prevention of its spread to humans Evaluation What is anthrax? What are the common signs and symptoms of anthrax in cattle and goat? What is the pharmacological treatment of anthrax in cattle and goat? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Pharmacotherapy of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 3 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 3: Pharmacotherapy of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat List signs and symptoms of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat Describe pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat Describe dose, dosage and course of drugs used to treat Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat List contraindications of drugs used in treatment of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat List common side effects and adverse effects of drugs used in treatment of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis Cattle and Goat Describe Control and Prevention of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat Activity: Buzzing What is Actinobacillosis? Definition of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat Actinobacillosis Actinobacillosis also known as wooden tongue is a sporadic disease of cattle and sheep commonly caused by the bacteria, A. lignieresii It is characterized by nodular abscission of soft tissues Definition of Actinobacillosis and Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat Cont.. Signs and Symptoms of Actinobacillosis in Cattle and Goat Actinobacillosis The tongue shows hard tumorous abscess, and similar lesions are found in the stomach and other soft tissues of the head, neck, and limbs, and occasionally in the lungs, pleura, udder, and subcutaneous tissue Abscesses forming nodules may ulcerate and discharge viscous, white faintly green exudates that may contain small grayish white granules Signs and Symptoms of Actinobacillosis in Cattle and Goat Overview of Actinobacillosis in the tongue of the cow Pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis in Cattle and Goat First line Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulfate 5.5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h for 5 days Alternative Sulfadimidine sodium 107 mg/kg, IV or PO q 24 h Surgical debridement and flushing with iodine Administration of potassium iodide orally (6 to 10 g a day for 10 days) or intravenous injection of sodium iodide at 10 % (8g for 100kg) are effective to stop the acute signs of the disease within two days Pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis in Cattle and Goat Cont.. Contraindications Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulphate is contraindicated to myasthenia gravis Sulfadimidine sodium is contraindicated in pregnant and lactating animals Common Side Effects and Adverse Drug Reactions of Drugs Used in Treatment of Actinobacillosis Streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin sulfate Nephrotoxicity Ototoxicity Neuromuscular blockage At higher dosage calves may develop diarrhea . Sulfadimidine sodium Crystallization in urinary tract, Cutaneous eruption Activity: Brainstorming What are the preventive measures for Actinobacillosis in Cattle? Prevention and control of Actinobacillosis in cattle and goat No vaccines are available. Control of Actinobacillosis is best achieved by early recognition and prompt treatment of cases Isolation Disposal of animals with disease is recommended. Key Points Actinobacillosis refers to a group of diseases caused by gram-negative coccobacilli in the genus Actinobacillus Streptomycin is considered the treatment of choice; tetracylcines and tilmicosin are also effective. Treatment may also involves administration of antibiotics and potassium iodide orally or intravenously There in no vaccine against A. lignieresii disease Evaluation What is Actinobacillosis? What are the signs and symptoms of Actinobacillosis? What is the pharmacological treatment of Actinobacillosis? For pharmacotherapy of actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat, REFER Students to Handout 3.1: Pharmacotherapy of Actinomycosis in Cattle and Goat. References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9 th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1 st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2 nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2 nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison. J. ( ed ) (2008). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited ← Previous TopicNext Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF / OFFLINE NOTES Unataka kutumiwa notes hizi kupitia WhatsApp?Kwa notes zilizopangiliwa vizuri kwa kusoma offline au PDF, bonyeza kitufe hapa chini. Ujumbe wenye Level, Semester, Module na Topic utaandaliwa moja kwa moja.TUMIWA NOTES WHATSAPP WhatsApp: 255620339260

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Variation of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Veterinary Medicines in Animals Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 2 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 2: Variation of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Veterinary Medicines in Animals Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Outline species of Interest in Veterinary Medicine Describe Drug Administration in Different Animal Species Describe Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species Describe Drug Metabolism of veterinary medicines in animals Describe Dosage regimes of in Different Animal Species Describe Pharmacodynamics of Drugs in Different Animal Species Activity: Buzzing What is the uniqueness of veterinary pharmacology compared to human pharmacology? Species of Interest in Veterinary Medicine Veterinary medicine is unique in that many types of animals, that is, livestock, companion animals, working animals, sports animals, laboratory animals, and some invertebrates such as honeybees Most are domesticated species, but exotic animal species are also kept as pets (reptiles, amphibians, birds) and may therefore require treatment In veterinary medicine, the critical step is to determine a rational dosing regimen (involving dose rate, inter-dosing interval, duration of treatment and mode of administration) for a selected drug Species of Interest in Veterinary Medicine Cont … The dosage regimen for a drug in a given species depends on its anatomy, biochemistry, physiology, and behaviour, as well as on the nature and causes of the condition requiring treatment. Hence, major biological differences impacting on dosage exist between animal species In addition, within some species there may be considerable differences within and between breeds in pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles Species of Interest in Veterinary Medicine Cont … Also to be considered is veterinary pharmacogenetics, which is a new branch of veterinary science which identifies genetic variations (polymorphisms) as the origin of differences in the drug response of individuals within a given species These between and within species differences in drug response are largely explained by variations in drug PK and PD, the magnitude of which varies from drug to drug. Drug Administration in Different Animal Species Differences in the modalities of drug administration across species result from anatomical, physiological, and/or behavioural differences Modality of administration also depends on animal and management husbandry procedures, as in the case for food-producing animals, for which treatments are often collective Drug Administration in Different Animal Species Cont … Intramammary infusion In cattle, the udder has a single large teat canal for each quarter leading to a single large teat cistern and this enables the entire mammary quarter to be treated conveniently by intramammary infusion. In dogs, the nipples have several fine openings (7–16) preventing local drug administration. Drug Administration in Different Animal Species Cont … Intramuscular administration Intramuscular administration is a popular modality of drug administration in veterinary medicine and apparently no major differences exist across species in their skeletal muscular systems, so that no major differences are expected between species for the bioavailability of intramuscularly injected drugs In poultry, however, the site of administration should be carefully selected (generally the pectoral muscle is chosen), because the bioavailability of a drug injected into the leg can be low or even null due to a first-pass effect in the kidney This is because the kidney in birds is of a reptilian type with a renal portal system draining the lower regions of the body Drug Administration in Different Animal Species Cont … Subcutaneous route For subcutaneous administration, it is reasonable to assume considerable similarity between species regarding the local tolerance of formulations However , cats are specifically prone to the development of localised fibro granulomatous reactions to injectable vaccine products, producing vaccine-induced sarcomas as a result of malignant transformation of the fibroblastic cells associated with the prolonged inflammatory reaction Drug Administration in Different Animal Species Cont … The oral route Oral administration is the most natural route of drug administration and there are many examples of interspecies differences in the modalities of oral administration that are linked to some aspects of feeding behaviour The oral route is chosen because it enables large numbers of animals (sometime several thousands) to be treated conveniently and cheaply at the same time Drug Administration in Different Animal Species Cont … The oral route…… For antibiotic use in livestock, the objective is commonly to limit the progression of contagious disease in the overall population, rather than to treat a single subject as for companion animals Thus, the oral administration of drugs in drinking water (e.g. in poultry) or as medicated feed (e.g. for pigs) ensures that all animals are treated with minimum of labour The oral route is advantageous due to absence of stress that may occur with individual treatments that require first catching and then restraining and injecting animals individually Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species After a drug administered by the oral route has been swallowed, it passes to the stomach from the esophagus Esophageal transit normally takes a few seconds but the esophagus shows large interspecies histological differences with practical consequences for therapeutics Esophageal muscle is striated in fish but smooth in birds, whilst mammals show considerable species variation in the presence of these two types of muscle Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species Cont …. Both layers of muscle are striated throughout the length of the esophagus in dogs, sheep and cattle, whereas in cats the esophagus contains smooth muscle over approximately the terminal 8% of its length and 16% for its circular muscle This is why cats are prone to retain foreign bodies in the distal part of the esophagus, including tablets This may be problematic if highly acidic medications are retained that may cause severe irritation Drug Absorption in Different Animal Species Cont …. In ruminants, the reticulo -rumen (RR) has a profound influence on the fate of all drugs due to its large capacity (225L

NTA Level 6 • Semester 1 • PST06107 Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacotherapy Basic Veterinary Pharmacology • Source Session/Topic 1 Full source-text version: all educational wording from the extracted learning source is retained; only presenter/tutor metadata and web-layout noise are removed, while formatting is improved for readability. PST 06107 Basic Veterinary Pharmacology Session 1: Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology Learning Tasks By the end of this session students are expected to be able to: Define terminologies used in veterinary pharmacology Outline the therapeutic classes of veterinary medicines Describe principles and concepts applied in veterinary pharmacology Explain the sources veterinary medicines Outline the basic concepts in veterinary toxicology Explain the importance of veterinary pharmacology in the management of common animal diseases General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Veterinary Pharmacology is the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes in animals Veterinary pharmacology is concerned with the use of drugs for diseases and health problems unique to animals The sources of veterinary medicines are also similar to the sources of human medicines namely plants, animals, minerals and synthetic sources General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … The therapeutic classes of veterinary medicines include antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory drugs, growth promoters, ant parasitic drugs, insecticides and tranquilizers The principles and concepts of veterinary pharmacology are similar to human pharmacology They involve Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Pharmacodynamics is the study of cell/tissue responses and selective receptor effects. The significant difference in veterinary pharmacology is the species variations that need to be considered These variations have significant influence on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of veterinary medicines Toxicology is the study of poison and their effects on normal physiologic mechanisms General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … It is important to understand the more commonly encountered toxins and to treat affected animals accordingly When treating an intoxicated animal, the general rule to remember is that, “ treat the animal not the poison ” Toxicity is the quality of being poisonous (dose of poison that elicits a response) Toxicosis is the clinical syndrome associated with exposure to a poison e.g. acetaminophen toxicosis General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Toxins that affect the more commonly domestic species are extremely diverse The types of toxins often encountered include; Metals, mycotoxins , feed-related intoxications, pharmaceutical agents, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides), biotoxins (plants, poisononous animals and insects, bacterial toxins) For toxicosis to occur, there must be a dose-related response, the greater the dose the more likely that toxicosis will occur General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Some toxins exhibit a steep dose-response relationship and are considered highly toxic To cause intoxication, a substance must be absorbed and delivered to the site of action at a concentration high enough to elicit a physiologic response e.g. presence of a poisonous plant in a pasture is not enough; there must be evidence of consumption of these plants Different animals in a herd may consume different plants or forage There are individual and species variations in susceptibility to toxins The clinical signs observed must correlate with the suspect plant General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Toxicokinetics This is the study of the metabolic processes that occur after exposure to a toxin (absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and elimination) It involves the mathematical description of the movement of a toxin into the body (absorption), to the target organs (distribution) and out of the body (elimination) Concentration of a toxin at the site of action depends on; Dose, physicochemical properties of the toxin or drug, absorption, distribution, specific tissue affinity, rate of metabolism, rate of elimination General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … The fate after exposure to toxins is influenced by; Toxins or drug factors Host factors or physiologic factors There are animal factors including age, organ perfusion, organ function (hepatic, renal), membrane permeability, pH of tissue or compartment, species and gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology Activity: Small Group Discussion What is pharmacokinetics? General Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology Cont … Pharmacokinetics is the study of drug absorption, distribution, biotransformation (metabolism), and excretion Pharmacokinetic processes affect the route of administration, doses, dose intervals, and toxicities of drugs given to animals The following are the importance's of Veterinary Pharmacology Helps in understanding the mechanism of action of veterinary medicines Helps in the determination of correct indication and dosage of veterinary medicines Helps to identify and respond to drug interactions, contraindications and adverse drug reactions related to veterinary medicines accordingly Helps in understanding of the disposition processes in the body including absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of veterinary medicines These will help students learning veterinary pharmacology to dispense right drug to the right animal, at right dose, by right route and at right time Key Points Veterinary pharmacology is the study of medicines which are used in animals, poultry and fish Principles and Concepts of Veterinary Pharmacology includes pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Veterinary Pharmacology is important in the pharmacological treatment of veterinary diseases Toxicology is the study of poison and their effects on normal physiologyic mechanisms Evaluation What is veterinary pharmacology? What are principles and concepts of veterinary pharmacology? What is importance of veterinary pharmacology? What is toxicology? References Riviere J. E., Papich M. G. (2009). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (9th Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Hsu W. H. (2008). Handbook of Veterinary Pharmacology (1st Ed) Iowa, Wiley- Blackwel Publishers Kuafmann J, (1996). Parasitic infections of domestic animals , (2nd ed ).Berlin, Birkhäuser Verlag Press Hoare E. W. (2013). A manual veterinary therapeutics & pharmacology (2nd ed ),New York, Forgotten Books Press Maddison . J. ( ed ) (2008 ). Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology , (2nd ed ). Philadelphia, Saunders Elsevier Limited Next Topic →View all Basic Veterinary Pharmacology topicsOpen Complete Full Notes PDF /